EADERS. 


SI 


D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO,  Publishers,  BOSTON. 


(7 


IRature  IReabers. 


SEA-SIDE  A.ND  WAY-SIDE. 

No.  1, 


BY 

JULIA  McNAIR  WRIGHT. 


"Then  Nature,  the  old  nurse,  took 

The  child  upon  her  knee, 
Saying,  'Here  is  a. story-book 

Thy  Father  hath  written  for  thee/  " 

LONGFELLOW  te  AGASSIZ 


BOSTON,  U.S.A., 
D.   C.   HEATH   &   CO.,   PUBLISHERS. 

1896. 


COPYRIGHT,  1887, 
BY  JULIA  McNAm  WRIGHT. 


EDUCATION  DEFT 


TYPOGRAPHY  BY  J.  S.  GUSHING  &  Co.,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 
PRESSWORK  BY  ROCKWELL  &  CHURCHILL,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE. 


THIS  Series  of  Nature  Readers  is  intended  for  the  use  of 
beginners  in  reading.  The  subjects  chosen,  and  their  treatment, 
have  been  alike  subordinated  to  this  object.  The  Nature  Readers 
are  not  offered  as  text-books  in  natura1  science,  but  rather  as  a 
contribution  to  the  idea  that  facts  of  real  and  permanent  value, 
may  be  made  known,  a  noble  taste  may  be  cultivated,  thought 
may  be  developed,  and  the  initiatory  steos  in  an  increasingly 
popular  study  may  be  taken,  wnile  a  child  is  learning  to  read  a 
certain  number  of  English  words. 

Should  not  the  first  short,  strong  Saxon  sentences  be  rather 
used  to  convey  scientific  facts,  than  such  trivial  information  as, 
"  The  boy  has  a  new  hat,"  or,  "  I  had  a  plate  of  green  corn  to 
eat,  on  the  fourth  day  of  July  "  ? 

Lessons  fresh  from  the  sea-shore  and  the  field,  where  life  is 
seen,  not  in  an  abnormal  state,  as  captivity,  but  in  its  own  chosen 
homes  and  natural  development,  cannot  fail  to  have  an  educative 
power  of  great  value,  even  to  minds  of  a  very  early  age. 

The  real  difficulty  to  be  overcome  has  been  to  put  these  simple 
lessons  concerning  the  habits,  homes,  and  anatomy  of  certain 
animals,  into  such  words  as  are  usually  found  in  the  most  elemen- 
tary reading- books.  To  accomplish  this,  so  that  the  series  shall 
reach  the  hands  for  which  it  was  intended,  has  been  the  author's 
chief  concern.  There  is  happily  no  uncertainty  as  to  the  scien- 
tific accuracy  of  the  work.  Every  subs^antyKB^taiement  has  been 


•V  PREFACE. 

verified  by  the  observation  of  the  author,  or  of  those  whose  com- 
petency for  such  work  is  unquestioned.  The  practical  value  of 
this  series  of  Nature  Readers  must  now  be  tried  in  the  Homes  and 
the  Schools. 

Whether  the  pages  have  been  discreetly  broken  into  paragraphs 
to  catch  restless  and  unaccustomed  eyes,  whether  the  words  and 
subjects  have  been  fitly  chosen,  whether  the  individuality  and 
personality  given  to  irrational  animals  shall  succeed  in  attracting 
the  interest,  and  fixing  the  wandering  thought  of  childhood,  are  all 
questions  rather  to  be  answered  by  a  trial  of  the  book,  than  argued 
in  a  preface. 

We  bring  no  cat  and  dog  stories,  no  tales  of  inonkej'  antics ; 
but  we  have  endeavored  to  impress  upon  the  little  Heir  of  life, 
in  one  of  its  highest  forms,  a  comprehension  of,  and  a  reverence 
for,  life,  even  in  some  of  its  lower  manifestations. 

This  object  has  already  been  kindly  commended,  and  generously 
welcomed,  by  no  small  number  of  skilled  teachers  and  scientists, 
who  have  given  valuable  time  to  the  reading  of  manuscript  and 
proof  of  this  series. 

To  those  parents  and  teachers  who  will  give  the  books  a 
careful  trial,  and  reinforce  these  simple  instructions  by  their 
own  enthusiasm  and  experience,  the  Nature  Readers  are  com- 
mended by 

THE  AUTHOR. 


TO  THE  BOYS  AND   GIRLS. 


Do  you  know  that  there  are  cities  on  your  path  to 
school,  and  under  the  trees  in  your  garden?  Do  you 
know  that  homes  with  many  rooms  in  them  hang  in 
the  branches  above  your  head  ?  Do  you  know  that 
what  you  call  "little  bugs  "  hunt  and  fish,  make  paper, 
saw  wood,  are  masons  and  weavers,  and  feed  and  guard 
and  teach  their  little  ones,  much  as  your  papa  and 
mamma  take  care  of  you  ?  This  sounds  like  a  fairy 
story,  but  it  is  a  true  fairy  story. 

In  this  book  you  will  read  of  some  of  these  won- 
ders. And  when  you  have  read  this  book  well,  you 
shall  have  one  or  two  more. 

These  books  will  not  try  to  tell  you  all  that  there 
is  to  tell  of  these  things.  They  are  only  to  wake  up 
your  minds,  so  that  you  will  think  and  study  and 
notice  these  things  for  yourselves. 

Your  eyes  will  be  worth  many  times  as  much  to  you 
as  they  now  are,  when  you  learn  to  observe  with  care 

and  to  think  about  what  you  see. 

j.  M.  N.  w. 


CONTENTS. 


LESSON  PAGE 

I.  MR.  AND  MRS.  CRAB       ...,,.       1 

II.  MR.  CRAB  AND  HIS  HODSE      .....       3 

III.  MORE  ABOUT  MR.  CRAB 5 

IV.  MR.  AND  MRS.  CRAB  GET  A  NEW  COAT  ...       7 
V.  WHAT  THE  CRAB  DOES    ......       9 

VI.  MR.  CRAB  AND  HIS  FRIENDS    .         .                            .     12 

VII.  SOME  OTHER  CRABS         .         .         .         ,         .         .14 

VIII.  THE  HERMIT  CRAB          ....                  .17 

IX.  THE  CRAB'S  ENEMIES      .         .                                     .20 

X.  THE  USES  OF  CRABS       ...                             .22 

XI.  MRS.  WASP  AND  HER  HOME    .                                     .24 

XII.  WHAT  MRS.  WASP  CAN  DO     .                                     .26 

XIII.  A  LOOK  AT  MRS.  WASP          .         .  .28 

XIV.  MRS.  WASP'S  YEAR          .  .29 
XV.  MRS.  WASP  AT  HOME      .                                              .     31 

XVI.  REVIEW  ....                            .                  .33 

XVII.  THE  BEE  AND  THE  MAN          .         .         .         .         .35 

XVIII.  How  THE  BEE  is  MADE  ......     36 

XIX.  THE  BEE  AT  HOME         .         .         .         .         .         .38 

XX.    THE  BEE  BABIES 40 

XXI.  THE  BEE  WAR       ....                            .42 

XXII.    THE  BEE'S  WORK .     44 

XXIII.  THE  WISE  BEES                                                                   45 


viii  CONTENTS. 

LESSON  PAGE 

XXIV.  EARTH  BEES       .         .         .         .         .         .         .47 

XXV.  OTHER  BEES       ...                   ...     49 

XXVI.    MORE  ABOUT  BEES 51 

XXVII.  THE  SPIDER  AND  HIS  DRESS       .         .         .         .52 

XXVIII.  THE  SPIDER  AT  HOME        ...                   .55 

XXIX.    THE  LITTLE  NEST 58 

XXX.  THE  SPIDER  AND  HIS  FOOD        .         .         .         .     60 

XXXI.    VERY  QUEER  SPIDERS 62 

XXXII.  REVIEW      .         .       '..  )••      ...                  .     65 

XXXIII.  OUT  OF  HARM'S  WAY         .         .         .         .         .67 

XXXIV.  SHELL-FISH        .         ...         .          .         ,69 

XXXV.  THE  STORY  OF  MR.  CONCH     x  .    '      .         .         .73 

XXXVI.    SEA-BABIES         . 75 

XXXVII.  MORE  ABOUT  SEA-BABIES  ...         .         .         .77 

XXXVIII.  ABOUT  MR.  DRILL     ...         .         .         .79 

XXXIX.  THE  STORY  OF  A  WAR       .         .         .         .         .81 

XL.  How  SHELL-FISH  FEED                .  *                .          ,84 

XLI.  REVIEW                                                                            86 


EA-SIDE  AND 


-SIDE. 


LESSON    I. 

MR.    AND    MRS.    CRAB 


MR.    AND    MRS     CRAB. 


THIS  is  a  picture  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Crab. 
Do  you  see  the  round  hole  ? 
It  is  the  door  of  their  house. 
Mr.  Crab  lives  in  the  sand  by  the  sea-side. 
He  has  a  smooth,  flat  shell  on  his  back. 
The  crab  has  eight  legs  and  two  hands. 
One  hand  is  large ;    the  other  hand  is  small. 
He  fights  with  the  big  hand,  and  takes  his  food 
with  the  little  hand,  or  with  bo$.  hands. 


2  SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY- SIDE. 

Mr  .'Drab  digs^dut^kis  house  in  the  sand.     He  makes  a 

\  iplapp:  lorj  ja  ji$l,  £  bed-room,  and  a  pantry. 
Mrs.  Crab  does  not  dig. 
Both  her  hands  are  small  and  weak. 
She  gets  food  to  put  into  the  pantry. 
She  never  fights. 
If  she  is  in  any  trouble  she  runs  home,  or  to  a  hole 

in  a  rock. 

See  what  queer  eyes! 

They  are  set  on  pegs ;    some  call  them  stalks. 
The  crab  can  push  the  eye-pegs  out  and  pull  them  in. 
Would  you  not  look  odd  if  you  could  make  your  eyes 

stand  out  six  inches  ? 
When  crabs  go  into  their  houses,  they  draw  down  their 

eyes  and  tuck  in  their  feet. 
Crabs  are  of  many  colors. 
They  are  red,  brown,  green,  yellow,  and  blue. 
The  claws  are  often  of  a  very  bright  color. 
The  color  on  the  shell  is  less  bright ;   it  is  in  small 

dots. 

The  color  on  some  kinds  of  crabs  is  in  lines. 
No  crab  is  clear,  bright  red  when  it  is  alive. 
When  it  is  boiled  it  takes  a  fine,  red  hue. 
Why  is  this  ? 
We  cannot  tell  why  the  heat  makes  it  change  color 


MR.    CRAB    AND    HIS    HOUSE. 


LESSON    II. 
MR.    CRAB   AND    HIS    HOUSE. 

THE  water  of  the  sea  comes  and  goes  in  tides. 
Twice  each  day  the  water  rises  —  then  it  is  high  tide. 
After  each  high  tide  the  water  goes  back  —  then  it  is 

ebb  tide. 

Each  tide  lasts  six  hours. 
When  the  snow  melts  in  the  spring,  or  when  much 

rain  falls,  the  water  rises  high  in  the  brook. 
In  the  dry,  hot  days  the  water  is  low  in  the  bed  of 

the  stream. 
If  the  stream  or  brook  were  full  and  low  twice  each 

day,  the  change  would  be  like  the  high  and  low 

tides  of  the  sea. 

When  the  tide  is  low,  Mr.  Crab  digs  out  his  house. 
He  scoops  out  the  sand  with  his  big  claw. 
Then  he  folds  his  claw  to  carry  the  sand,  as  you  can 

carry  grass  or  leaves  on  your  arm. 
Some  kinds  of  crabs  carry  the  sand  in  three  of  their 

feet,  bent  to  form  a  basket. 
Mr.  Crab  takes  the  sand  to  the  top  of  his  hole. 
Then,  with  a  jerk,  he  throws  the  sand   into  a  heap. 
The  crab  is  very  strong. 
He  can  lift  and  carry  things  larger  than  his  body 


SEA-SIDE    AND    WAY- SIDE. 


He  digs  out  a  long  hall. 

He  makes  rooms  in  his  house. 

Then  he  goes  with  his  wife  to  look  for  food. 

They  keep  near  their  home. 

They  eat  flies,  gnats,  ants,  lady-birds,  and  other  little 

insects. 

They  also  eat  sea- weed. 

When  beach-flies  light  on  the  sand   or  on  sea-weed, 

the  crabs  jump  at 
them,  and  catch 
them  as  cats  catch 
mice. 

But    the    cats    do    not 
moye    so    quickly 
as  the  crabs. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Crab  put 
the  bugs  they  catch 
into  their  pantry. 
For  six  hours,  while  the 

tide  is  high,  they  stay  in  their  house ;  and  while 
they  stay  in  the  house  they  eat  insects  and  sea- 
weed they  have  stored  away. 

The  crab  acts  as  though  he  knew  about  the  tide. 
He  knows  when  it  will  be  high  over  his  house. 
He  knows  when  it  will  be  low,  so  that  he  can  come 
out. 


MR.   CRAB    MAKES    HIS    HOUSE. 


MORE    ABOUT    MR.    CRAB. 


LESSON  III. 

MORE    ABOUT    MR.    CRAB. 


MR.   CRAB    RUNS    AWAY. 


I  COULD,  for  a  year,  tell  you  queer  things  about  Mr. 

Crab. 

Where  are  your  bones  ? 
They  are  inside  your  body. 

Your  bones  are  a  frame  to  hold  up  your  soft  flesh. 
Mr.  Crab's  bones  are  on  the  outside  of  his  body. 
His  bones  are  his  armor,  to  keep  him  from  being  hurt. 
The  crab  can  live  and  breathe  either  in  water  or  on 

land. 

You  can  live  only  on  land. 
He  can  both  walk  and  swim. 
Mrs.  Crab  lays  eggs. 

A  lien,  you  know,  lays  eggs,  one  by  one,  in   a  nest. 
She  keeps  them  warm  till  the  chicks  come  out. 


b  SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY-SIDE. 

The  crab's  eggs  are  put  in  a  long  tube  or,  sack. 
Mrs.  Crab  does  not  leave  them  in  a  nest. 
She  carries  them  tied  on  her  legs,  or  under  her  body. 
When  the   small   crabs   come    out   of    the   eggs,  they 

grow  very  fast. 
When  you  catch  a  crab   by  his   arm   or  leg,   if  you 

do  not  let  go,  he  drops  off  this  arm  or  leg,  and 

runs. 

He  will  first  pinch  you,  if  he  can,  with  his  big  claw. 
Could  you  run  with  one  leg  gone? 
The  crab  has  legs  to  spare. 
Then,  too,  his  legs  will  grow  again. 
Yours  would  not. 
A   crab's   leg,  or   hand,  will    grow   again   very   soon, 

when  one  has  been  lost. 
But  if  his  eye-peg  is  cut  off,  it  takes  a  whole  year  for 

a  new  eye  to  grow. 

I  think  he  knows  that ;  he  is  very  careful  of  his  eyes. 
The  eye-pegs  of  one  kind  of  crab  are  very  long. 
He  has  a  wide,  flat  shell. 
There  is  a  notch  in  each  side  of  his  shell. 
He  can  let  his  eyes  lie  in  that  notch.1 
How  can  he  do  that  ?      His  eye-pegs  are  so  long  he 

can  bend  them  down  flat  to  the  shell   and  keep 

them  safe  in  the  notch. 

1  See  Picture  in  Losson  IX. 


MR.   AND    MRS.    CRAB    GET   A   NEW   COAT. 


LESSON  IV. 
MR.    AND    MRS.    CRAB    GET    A    NEW   COAT 


SPIDER   CRAB   AND   LITTLE   PINNA. 


YOUR  skin  is  soft  and  fine. 

As  you  grow  more  and  more,  your  skin  does  not  break. 

Your  skin  gets  larger  as  your  body  grows. 

But  Mr.  Crab  is  in  a  hard  shell. 

The  shell  will  not  stretch. 

It  gets  too  tight,  and  what  can  Mr.  Crab  ao  then? 

What  do  you  do  when  your  coat  is  too  small  ? 

Now  I  will  tell  you  a  strange  thing. 

When  Mr.  Crab  finds  that   his  shell  is  too  small,  he 

takes  it  off,  as  you  take  off  your  coat. 
He  pulls  his  legs,  his  hands,  and  his  back,  out  of  his 

shell. 

He  does  that  in  his  house. 
You  do  not  undress  out  cf  doors. 
You  go  to  your  room. 


8  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDL 

So  does  Mr.  Crab. 

He  slips  out  of  his  shell. 

He  pulls  out  his  feet  and  hands,  as  if  he  took  off  his 

boots  and  his  gloves. 
Then  he  is  a  poor,  soft,  cold  thing. 
But  over  all  his  body  is  spread  a  skin,  soft  as  paste, 

like  glue  and  lime. 
In  a  few  days  it  gets  hard. 

It  is  as  big  as  Mr.  Crab,  and  just  fits  his  shape. 
It  is  a  good,  new  shell ! 

It  has  the  right  colors,  —  blue,  brown,  red,  or  gold. 
It  has  spots  and   rings. 
When    Mrs.  Crab    changes    her    shell,  Mr.  Crab  stays 

near,  and  tries  to  keep  her  from  being  hurt. 
The  young  crabs  have   to   change   their   shells   often, 

they  grow  so  fast. 
Crabs  that  live  in  dark  mud  have  dark  brown  or  green 

shells. 
Some   crabs  have  sand-colored   shells,1 — pale  gray  or 

brown  shells,  with  close,  fine  specks  like  sand  on 

them. 

There  are  more  kinds  of  crabs  than  you  could  count- 
They  live  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
This  book  tells  you  of  only  a  few  of  them. 

1  Sec-  Lesson  XXXIII. 


WHA1    THE:    CRAB    DOES. 


9 


LESSON  V. 
WHAT  THE   CRAB    DOES. 


FREE    FIGHT. 


THE  crab  is  quick  to  get  cross. 

Are  you? 

He  likes  to  fight. 

In  that  he  is  like  a  bad  boy. 

When  he  sees  some  other  crab  near  his  house,  he  is 

angry. 

Then  he  stands  high  on  his  toes. 
He  pulls  in  his  eye-pegs,  for  fear  they  will  be  hurt. 
He  spreads  out  his  big  arm. 
Now  he  is  ready  to  fight ! 
He  runs  at  his  enemy ! 

Each  tries  to  hit  the  other  with  his  big  claw. 
This  big  claw,  or  hand,  can  cut  and  pinch  hard. 


10  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-blUt. 

Sometimes  one  crab  cuts  off   the  hand  or  leg  of   the 

other  crab. 

Or  he  bites  the  shell  on  his  back. 
If  only  a  leg  is  cut  off,  the  crab  may  keep  on  fighting. 
But  if  his  hand,  or  eye,  or  back  shell  is  hurt,  he  must 

give  up. 
He  runs  home  to  hide,  until  a  new  eye,  or  hand,  or 

leg  can  grow. 

If  your  hand  is  cut  off,  will  it  grow  again? 
When  a  crab  is  afraid,  he  runs  home. 
But  he  is  very  brave,  and  does  not  much  fear  other 

crabs. 
He  fears  birds  most ;   for  birds  eat  small  crabs ;  and 

the  crab  cannot  fight  a  big  bird. 
Swing  a  rag  over  a  crab's  head. 
Up  fly  his  eye-pegs! 
Up  comes  his  big  hand! 
There,  he  has  caught  the  rag! 
He  will  not  let  go. 
You  can  lift  him  into  the  air  by  the  rag;  still  he  holds 

on. 

Once  I  saw  a  blue  crab  catch  a  dog's  tail. 
The  crab  held  on  fast. 

The  dog  gave  yelps,  and  ran  up  and  down  the  beach. 
We  had  to  catch  the  dog,  and  pry  open  the  crab's  claw. 
Let  us  look  at  this  crab;  he  has  let  go  the  rag,  and 

has  gone  to  dig  in  his  house. 


WHAT  THE   CRAB   DOES.  11 

Lay  this  bit  of  shell  on  his  hole. 

See  it  shake ! 

He  has  run  up  and  hit  it  with  his  head. 

Now  he  waits. 

Watch  well. 

There,  the  shell  flies  up  in  the  air! 

He  struck  it  hard  as  he  ran,  and  made  it  fly  up. 

I  have  seen  him  try  twice,  and  make  the  shell  shake 

before  he  found  how  hard  he  must  hit,  to  get 

it  out  of  the  way. 
Some  folks  think  he  shuts  the  door  of  his  house  with 

his  big  hand. 
I  do  not  think  so. 
He  knows  that  the  tide  will  wash  a  lump  of  sand  over 

his  hole,  for  a  door. 
The  tide  shuts  him  in. 
He  watches  the  waves  come  near. 
At  the  last  wave  he  jumps  through  his  door,  for  he 

knows  the  next  wave  will  close  it. 
He  never  stays  up  one  wave  too  long.      He   gets  in 

in  time. 

He  is  shut  in  his  house  with  Mrs.  Crab. 
He  knows  that  the  tide  will  pass,  and  he  has  bugs  to  eat. 
When  Mr.  Crab  has  lost  a  leg  or  hand,  and  a  new  one 

grows,  it  is  small  at  first. 
Then  when  he  gets  a  new  coat,  the  new  hand  or  leg 

becomes  half  as  large  as  the  one  he  lost 


12  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

The  next  new  coat,  the  new  hand  or  leg  comes  out 

the  full  size  it  should  be. 
When  crabs  get  a  new  shell  we  say  they  molt. 


LESSON   VI. 
MR.   CRAB    AND    HIS    FRIENDS. 

THE  crab  that  has  one  large  claw  has   many  names. 
Some  call  him  the  Fighting  Crab,  he  is  so  cross. 
Others  name  him  the  Calling  Crab,  because,  when  he 

runs,  he  holds  his  big  claw  high,  as  if  he  called, 

"Come!  come!" 
Most  people  call  him  the  Fiddler  Crab,  and  say  that 

his  big  claw  is  his  fiddle. 
I  think  that  is  the  best  name  for  him. 
He  can,  and  does,  play  a  tune  on  that  hand. 
It  is  his  violin,  as  well  as  his  hand,  his  spade,  and  his 

sword. 
Do  you  see  a  row  of  little  knobs  on  the  inner  edge  of 

his  big  claw? 
He  rubs  those  knobs  on  the  edge  of  the  shell   that 

covers  his  back,  and  the  sound  is  his  tune. 
He  uses  that  tune  to  call  his  mate. 
Mrs.  Crab  thinks  it  fine. 


MR.  CRAB   AND   HIS    FRIENDS.  13 

Mr.  Crab  has  friends  upon  the  beach,  as  well  as  down 
deep  in  the  sand  and  in  the  water. 

When  he  walks  along  the  sand,  he  meets  big  flies  with 
two  wings. 

He  is  glad  to  see  them.     Why  ? 

They  put  their  grubs,  or  young  ones,  in  the  sand,  and 
Mr.  Crab  knows  that  he  can  find  them  to  eat. 


MR.   CRAB    AND    HIS    FRIENDS. 


Mr.  Crab  also  meets  a  great,  green  tiger  beetle. 

He  does  not  fight  him. 

He  knows  that  he  shall  find  the  beetle's  grubs  in  the 

sand  and  eat  them. 
While  he  is  digging  down  below,  he  meets  a  little  fat, 

round  crab,  with  big  eyes,  and  a  thin,  gray  shell. 
He  is  glad  to  see  him. 
If  the  crab  has  not  food  enough  to  eat  while  the  tide 

is  high,  he  will  creep  along  in  the  sand,  and  catch 

and  kill  this  small  crab  for  his  dinner. 
Mr.  Crab  also  meets,  deep  down,  long  worms,  green, 

red,  or  brown. 


14  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

They  are  making  houses  for  themselves. 

He  does  not  trouble  them. 

Out   in   the  sea,  Mr.  Crab  finds  some  small  shell-fish 

called  limpets. 
He  likes  them  so  much  that  he  lets  them  live  on  his 

shell. 
They  take  fast  hold  on  his  back,  and  he  does  not  pul] 

them  oft'. 


LESSON   VII. 
SOME    OTHER    CRABS.1 

ALL  crabs  are  not  alike. 

There  are  many  kinds. 

They  differ  in  shape,  color,  and  habits. 

Some  are  not  at  all  pretty. 

Some  are  very  pretty. 

All  are  very  queer. 

The  Spider  Crab  2  has  long,  thin  legs. 

The  front  of  his  shell,  which  is  over  his  head,  is  not 

wide,  but  is  a  sharp  point. 

This  is  to  help  him  dig  his  way  into  sand  and  mud. 
Some  crabs  do  not  make  a  house  in  the  sand;  they  live 

in  holes  in  the  rocks. 
Tlic  Horse-Shoe  Crab  is  of  a  chestnut  color. 

1  See  Frontispiece.  '*  See  Picture  in  Lesson  IV. 


SOME    OTHER    CRABS.  15 

Some  call  him  the  King  Crab. 

Look  at  his  picture.1 

His  shell  is  of  the  shape  of  the  hoof  of  a  horse,  but  it 

has  a  long  tail,  with  sharp  points  on  the  edges. 
The  tail  is  as  hard  as  wood,  and  has  edges  like  a  file. 
The  Horse-Shoe  Crab  lives  in  sand  and  in  mud. 
He  chooses  the  muddy  banks  where  rivers  or  streams 

run  into  the  sea. 
He  pushes  his  way  in  the  mud,  with  his  big,  round  shell, 

and  scrapes  the  mud  out  with  his  many  feet. 
He  eats  the  worms  he  finds  in  the  sand  and  mud. 
Why  are  the  worms  down  there  ? 
Like  Mr.  Crab,  they  build  a  house  in  the  mud. 
Some  time  I  will  tell  you  about  these  worms. 
Now  and  then,  as  Mr.  Crab  goes  along  under  the  ground, 

he  finds  in  his  way  a  long,  soft  thing  that  looks 

good  to  eat. 
It  is  the  long  pipe  or  tube  with  which  a  clam  takes  his 

food. 

The  King  Crab  puts  out  his  claw  to  get  it. 
The  King  Crab  can  move  his  hand  claw  as  quickly  ar 

your  cat  can  jump  or  strike  out  her  paw. 
But  the  clam  is  far  more  quick  than  the  King  Crab, 

and  shuts  his  shell  down  on  the  King  Crab's  claw 
Now  is  he  held  fast,  like  a  rat  in  a  trap! 
He  waits  to  see  if  the  clam  will  let  go. 

1  See  Frontispiece. 


16  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

No,  he  will  not. 

Then  the  crab  drops  off   his  claw,  and  goes  away  to 

hide  and  grow  a  new  one. 
Do  you  see,  in  the  picture,  a  crab  in  a  shell  made  like 

a  curl?1 

That  crab  steals  his  house. 

He  finds  an  empty  shell,  and  goes  into  it  to  live. 
It  is  odd  to  see  him  run,  with  the  shell  he  stole  on  his 

back. 

How  does  he  live  ? 
By  fishing. 

All  crabs  hunt  and  fish. 
I  have  told  you  how  they  hunt  on  the  sand  for  bugs 

and  flies. 
Did  I  not  tell  you  how  they  hunt  for  grubs  and  worms 

under  ground  ? 
How  do  they  fish? 

Mr.  Crab  gets  into  a  good  place  to  fish. 
He  pops  out  his  eyes  to  see  all  about  him. 
Then  when    things    that  he    likes    to  eat  float  by,  he 

strikes  out  with  his  big  hand. 
He  catches  what  he  wants  nearly  every  time. 
Crabs  are  very  greedy. 

1  See  Frontispiece. 


THE    HERMIT   CRAB. 


17 


LESSON   VIII. 

THE    HERMIT   CRAB. 


HE   COMES   OUT   TO    DIE. 


Do  you  wish  to  hear  more  about  the  crab  that  steals 

his  house  ? 

Why  does  he  do  that? 

His  back  is  long  and  soft,  and  has  no  hard  shell. 
If  he  could  find  no  hard  cover,  he  could  not,  live. 
All  the  other  crabs  would  bite  or  pinch  him. 
So  would  many  fish. 
He  is  called  the  Hermit  Crab. 
As  the  Hermit  Crab  grows  too  big  for  one  shell,  he 

finds  another. 
He  never  stays'  outside    of   his  shell  until   he  knows 

that  he  is  about  to  die. 
How  does  he  know  that? 
I  cannot  tell. 


18  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

But  he  comes  out,  lies  flat  down  by  his  house,  and  dies. 
He  wants  his  house  to  live  in,  not  to  die  in. 
When  he  needs  to  change  his  shell-house,  he  hunts  for 

one  to  suit  him. 
Then  he  puts  in  his  long  claw,  to  feel  if  it  is  clean  and 

empty. 

Now  and  then  he  finds  another  crab  in  it. 
Then  the  two  fight  for  it. 
If  some  small  thing  lives  in  the  shell  which  the  hermit 

wants,  he  pulls  it  out  with  his  long  claw. 
Then  he  brings  the  new  shell  near,  and  springs  from 

the  shell  he  is  in  to  the  shell  he  wants,  as  you 

would  spring  from  chair  to  chair. 
On  the  end  of  his  long,  soft  tail  he  has  a  hook. 
He  twists  his  soft  body  into  the  new  shell. 
Then   he   clasps   his  tail-hook  to  a  small,  round  post 

in  the  top  of  the  curl  of  the  shell. 
That  holds  him  fast. 
His  horny  legs  hang  out  in  front. 
He  can  run  and  carry  the  shell. 
He  can  draw  back  into  the  shell  and  hide. 
There  is  a  small,  pink,  sea-animal,  like  a  flower,  that 

one  kind  of  crab  likes. 
He  wants  it'  to  grow  on  his  shell. 
It  may  be  that  it  helps  him  to  catch  food. 
Or,  it   may   be   that   he  likes  it  to  hide  the  door  of 

his  shell. 


THE   HERMIT   CRAB.  19 

• 

This  pink  sea-creature  can  build  more  shell  on  the  edge 

of  the  one  the  crab  lives  in. 
This  makes  the  shell  larger. 
Then  the  crab  need  not  move  so  often. 
When  he  moves,  he  takes  his  friend  with  him. 
He   puts  out  his  claw  and  lifts  her  off  his  old  shell, 

and  sets  her  on  the  edge  of  the  new  one. 
Then  he  holds  her  there  until  she  has  made  herself 

fast. 

Then  he  slips  in,  tail  first. 
The  fine  red,  pink,  and  white  frills  of  the  friend  hang 

like  a  veil  over  his  door. 
They  keep  fish  and  other  foes  away. 
For  this  pink  thing  can  sting. 
Once  I  found  a  nice  shell. 
1  thought  it  was  empty,  and  I  kept  it  for  eight  or  ten 

days  in  a  box.     Then  I  laid  it  on  a  shelf. 
One  day  I  heard,  clack  !  clack  \  clack  ! 
And  there  was  my  shell  running  up  and  down   the 

shelf  ! 
In  the  South  Seas  some  of  these*  crabs  do  not  live  in 

sea  shells. 
They  live  in  cocoa-nut  shells.     They  eat  the  meat  of 

the   nuts.      When   it   is  all   eaten  they  seek  for 

another  shell. 
Each  night  these  crabs  crawl  into  the  water  to  get  wet. 

They  leave  their  eggs  in  the  water  to  hatch. 


20 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE 


LESSON   IX. 
THE  CRAB'S   ENEMIES. 


HIS    HOME    IS   ON    THE   SEA. 


CRABS  have  many  enemies.     Fish  and  birds  eat  them. 

Men  eat  some  kinds  of  crabs.     Crabs  eat  each  other. 

With  so  many  enemies,  crabs  would  soon  be  all  gone, 
if  they  did  not  lay  so  many  eggs.  Mrs.  Crab,  each 
year,  lays  more  eggs  than  you  could  count. 

Crabs  do  not  always  have  hard  shells. 

When  they  first  come  from  the  egg  they  have  long 
tails,  four  legs,  and  no  claws.  The  crab's  body 
then  has  a  thin  cover.  He  can  swim  well. 

A  little  pink  crao,  named  Pea  Crab,  goes  to  live  in  the 
shell  of  the  oyster.  The  oyster  does  not  seem  to 
mind  it. 

You  may  see  this  little  crab  in  your  oyster  soup.     He 


THE   CRAB'S   ENEMIES.  21 

turns  orange  color   when   he  is  cooked.      Pinna, 

or  Pea  Crab  has  a  very  soft  shell. 
The    Spider    Crab    has    a    brown    shell,    rough    like 

sand.     Little  thorns  grow  all  over  it. 
This  Spider  Crab  cuts  off  fine  sea-weed  with  her  little 

sharp  claws,  and  hangs  it  like  ribbons  on  these 

thorns  or  hooks.1 
Then  she  looks  like  a  little  green  grove !      Who  can 

tell  why  she  does  that?      Is  it  to  hide? 
Do   you    see   the    wide   hind  feet  of   the  crab  in  this 

picture  ? 

Those  are  his  paddles,  or  oars.      They  are  his  swim- 
ming feet. 
His  shell  is  wide  and  light.     He  can  float  on  the  waves 

like  a  boat.      He  goes  far  out  on  the  sea. 
Some  crabs  can  dig  into  the  sand  very  fast. 
They  go  in  backwards.     They  slip  out  of  sight  like  a 

flash. 

Or,  they  leave  the  tips  of  their  heads  and  their  eye- 
pegs  out,  to  look  about.     Sand-crabs  do  this. 
Their  shells  are  a  pale  brown  or   sand   color.     Their 

shells  are  wide  and  round  behind,  and  come  to  a 

point  in  the  front. 
Their  heads  are  in  the  narrow  part  of  the  shell.     Their 

shells  are  rough. 
They  are .  swift  runners. 

1  See  Picture  in  Lesson  IV. 


22  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

Some  hide  in  holes  in  the  rocks.     Some  are  sand-color, 

and  their  color  protects  them. 
When  they  are  afraid,  they  lie  flat  on  the  sand,  and  it 

is  hard  to  see  them.     Some  birds  have  long,  thin 

bills,  with  which  to  pick  Mr.  Crab  out  of  his  sand 

house. 


LESSON   X. 
THE    USES   OF   CRABS. 

How  often  does  Mr.  Crab  get  a  new  coat  ?     His  coat 

does  not  wear  out. 
But  it  gets  too  small.     Then  he  changes  it  to  get  a 

larger  one. 

The  baby  grows  fast.     You  seem  to  see  it  grow. 
You  grow  fast.      They  say  it  is  hard  to  keep  you  in 

clothes. 
You  cannot  wear  the  coat  you  had   last  year.      But 

your  papa  can  wear  his  coat  for  many  years. 
He  will  tell  you  that  he  is  done  growing. 
It  is  so  with  a  crab. 
When  he  is  very  young,  he  grows  fast.     He  needs  a 

new  shell  very  often. 
When  he  is  older,  he  grows    more  slowly.      Then  he 

gets  a  new  coat  every  spring. 


THE   USES  OF   CRABS.  23 

At  last  he   does  not  grow  any  more.     He  keeps  the 

same  shell,1  year  after  year. 
It  gets  very  hard  and  thick,  and  loses  its  bright  color. 

Very  often  it  is  nearly  covered  with  limpets. 
They  fasten  their  flat  or  pointed  shells  to  the  crab's 

back,  and  stay  there.     I  cannot  tell  you  just  how 

long  a  crab  lives. 
Of  what  use  is  a  crab  ?     Have  all  things  a  use  ? 


MR.   CRAB    HAS  A   PICNIC. 

Yes.     God  made  all  things  ;  and  all  things  are  of  use. 
Sometimes  we  cannot  find  out  the  use.     Crabs  are  good 

for  food. 
Some  kinds  are  eaten  by  men,  as  fish  and  oysters  are 

eaten.     Birds  eat  a  great  many  crabs. 
Some  birds  almost  live  on  them.     Fish  eat  many  crabs. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  crabs  so  small  that  you  could 

hardly  see  them.     Fish  feed  on  them. 
Men  catch  and  eat  the  fish.     Crabs  help  to  keep  the 

sea  and  the  sea-shore  clean. 

1  The  large  claw  may  be  on  either  the  right  or  left  side  of  the  crab. 


24  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

Crabs  are  greedy.  They  eat  nearly  all  kinds  of  dead 
things  that  would  spoil  and  make  a  bad  smell 
if  left  on  the  sand. 

They  eat  dead  fish,  dead  animals  that  are  thrown  into 
the  sea,  and  grubs,  flies,  and  worms.  Do  you  ever 
see  men  going  about  to  clean  the  streets  ? 

The  crabs  help  to  keep  clean  the  sea  and  the  shore. 
There  are  so  many  crabs,  and  they  eat  so  much, 
and  so  fast,  that  they  can  clean  away  much  of 
the  dead  stuff  that  lies  on  the  shore. 


LESSON   XL 

MRS.  WASP  AND  HER   HOME. 

HERE  is  a  round  hole  on  the  hill-side  path.     Is  it  a 

crab's  hole  ? 
No,  it  is  too  far  from  the  sea  for  a  crab.     Mrs.  Wasp 

made  it  for  her  baby  to  live  in. 
Her  name  is  Vespa.     In  her  house  she  has  a  hall,  a 

room,  and  a  bed. 
In  the  bed  her  baby  lies  asleep.     It  is  now  a  soft,  white 

egg- 

When  the  baby  wasp  comes  out  of  the  egg,  he  will  be 
all  alone.  When  Mrs.  Wasp  has  laid  the  egg 
safe  in  bed,  she  goes  away. 


MRS.   WASP  AND.  HER   HOME. 


25 

She  leaves 


She  shuts  her  door  with  a  lump  of  mud. 

her  baby  some  food  to  eat. 
The  food  is  a   pile  of  little  caterpillars.     When  she 

leaves  her  baby,  she  never  comes  back. 
When  he  gets  big,  he  digs  his  way  out,  and  off  he  flies. 

If  he  meets  his  mother  he  does  not  know  her. 
Mrs.  Wasp  makes  her  bed  of  fine  sawdust.     She  cuts 

the  wood  up  soft  and  fine. 


A  WAYSIDE   HOME. 


She  has  two  small,  sharp  saws  with  which  to  cut  the 

wood.     She  can  make  paper. 
She  saws  the  wood  into  a  fine  dust.     Then  she  mixes 

it  with  glue  from  her  mouth. 
When  she  takes  it  home,  she  spreads  it  out  thin  with 

her  feet.     It  dries  into  fine,  gray  paper. 
With  it  she  papers  her  house,  to  keep  her  baby  warm 

and  dry. 
Mrs.  Wasp  is  cross,  but  she  is  wise.      She  has  a  long 

sting.      She  kills,  or  puts  into  a  deep  sleep,  the 

caterpillars  that  she  takes  home. 
She  is  never  idle. 


26  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 


LESSON    XII. 

WHAT    MRS.    WASP    CAN    DO. 

How  does  Mrs.  Wasp  make  paper  ?     First  she  finds  a 

piece  of  dry,  old  wood. 
She  cuts  off  bits  of  wood,  like  fine,  .soft  threads.     She 

wets  these  with  a  kind  'of  glue  from  her  mouth, 

and  rolls  them  into  a  ball. 

Then,  she  stands  on  her  hind  legs,  and  with  her  front 
.     feet  puts  the  ball   between  her  jaws.      She  then 

flies  to  her  nest. 
She  uses  her  tongue,  her  jaws,  and  her  feet,  to  spread 

the  ball  out  thin.     On  her  hind  legs  she  has  flat 

feet,  to  help  her  lay  down  the  paper. 
She  lays  one  sheet  of  paper  on  the  other,  until  it  is 

thick  enough  to  make  a  nest.     Some  wasps  hang 

these  paper  nests  in  trees. 
The  nests  are  round,  like  balls,  or  are  the  shape  of  a 

top.     At  the  bottom  of  each  you   wi]l   find   two 

doors. 
Some  wasps  make  paste-board.     The  wasp  that  builds 

in  a  tree  does  not  live  alone. 
She  has  in  her  home  very  many  paper  rooms.     They 

are  like  cells  in  a  honey-comb. 


WHAT    MRS.   WASP   CAN    DO. 


27 


She  can   make   wax.      She   puts    a 

wax  lid  on  the  cells. 
She  can  make  varnish,  to  keep  the 

cells  dry. 

One  kind  of  wasp  is  a  mason. 
Her   house   is   made   of   mud.      She 

brings   mud   in  little  balls,  and 

builds  a  house. 
In  the  house,  she  puts  a  baby  irasj . 

She   puts    in    little    spiders    for 

him  to  eat. 
A  hornet  is  a  kind   of   wasp.      We 

may  call  him  Mrs.  Wasp's  cousin. 
Hornets  catch   and  eat  flies.     There 

is   a   black   wasp  that  is  called 

a  mud-dauber. 
She   builds   a   little  mud   house.      I 

know  a  boy  who  broke  one   of 

these    mud     houses     thirty-two 

times. 
The    wasp    built    it    up    each    time. 

One   of   these    mud-wasps    built 

a  house   ten  times  on  a  man's 

desk.     Each  time  that  he  broke 

it  up,  she  built  it  again. 
This  kind  of  wasp  does  not  leave  her 

baby  alone. 


A   PAPER    HOUSE. 


28  SEA-SIDE    AND  WAY- SIDE. 


LESSON   XIII. 
A  LOOK  AT  MRS.  WASP 

MRS.  WASP'S  color  is  blue-black.    She  has  yellow  marks, 
She  has  four  ihin  wings.     Two  are  large  and  two  are 

small. 
The  front  wings  are  the  large   ones.     Her   wings   lie 

close  to  her  sides  when  her  body  is  at  rest. 
The  wasp  looks  as  if  she  had  two  wings,  not  four. 
The  two  under  ones  are   hooked   to   the  upper   ones. 
Her  eyes  are  set  close  to  her  head.     They  are  large. 
They  have  a  notch  or  dent  in  them.       She  has   two 

long  wands,  called  feelers,  on  her  head. 
They  are  made  in  joints.        She  touches  things  with 

them. 
Her  body  is  in  three  parts.     The  first  part  is  the  head, 

with  the  eyes  and  mouth. 
The  next  part  is  thick  and  short.     The  hind  part  is 

long  and  slim. 
These  two  join  at  a  point.      It  looks  as  if  the  hind 

part  might  drop  off,  but  it  never  does. 
Mrs.  Wasp  has  a  long,  sharp  sting  in  her  tail. 

The  wasp's  sting  is  like  "two  fine  saws. 


MRS.   WASP'S   YEAR.  29 

A  drop  of  poison  runs  through  it  from  a  bag. 

You  need  not  fear  Mrs.  Wasp.     She  does  not  sting  if 

you  let  her  alone. 
She  has  six  legs.     The  legs  and  wings  are  set  on  the 

part  of  the  body  that  is  next  the  head. 
She  uses  her  front  legs  for  hands.     The  body  of  the 

wasp  is  hard,  and  made  of  rings  like  scales. 
Mrs.  Wasp  uses  her  jaws  to  cut  up  wood  for   paper. 

She  does  not  need  them  to  eat  with. 
She  eats  honey.       When  her   baby  eats   spiders   and 

caterpillars,  it  does  not  chew  them. 
It  sucks  out  their  juice. 

Wasps  bite  fruit  and  spoil  it.    They  are  cross,  and  fight. 
They  kill  bees  for  their  honey. 
All  wasps  are  not  of  the  same  color. 
The  wasp  that  leaves  her  baby  alone  is  the  hermit  wasp. 
There  is  a  wasp  of  a  rust-red  color. 


LESSON    XIV. 

MRS.  WASP'S    YEAR. 

I  WILL  now  tell  you  of  a  wasp  that  does  not  live  alone. 

This   Mrs.  Wasp  takes  good   care  of  her  babies. 

She  is  called  the  social  wasp. 
While  it  is   winter   Mrs.  Wasp  hides.      She  does  not 

like  the  colcj. 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDfc, 


ROOMS  TO   LET, 


Most  wasps  die  in  the  winter.  Only 
a  few  live  to  come  out  in  the 
spring. 

The  first  thing  Mrs.  Wasp  does  in  the 
spring  is  to  build  a  new  house0 
She  does  not  use  an  old  house. 

She    puts    her    eggs    into    the    house, 
with   some   food. 
When  the  young  wasps  grow  up, 
and  come  out,  they  help  build. 

More  cells  are  put  into  the  house.  An 
egg  is  laid  in  each  cell. 

The  egg  grows  into  a  grub.  The 
wasps  feed  the  grub. 

They  bring  it  honey.  The  -baby  wasp 
has  no  wings  nor  feet. 

It  has  to  be  shut  up,  to  grow  into  a 
true  wasp.  When  the  time  comes, 
the  wasps  put  a  wax  lid  upon  the 
cell. 

At  last  the  new  wasp  eats  off  the  lid, 
and  comes  out,  a  full  grown  wasp. 
Wasps  work  hard  all  the  time. 

They  fly  about  for  food,  and  for  stuff 
to  make  paper,  wax,  and  varnish 
and  glue.  They  have  homes  to 
build,  and  little  wasps  to  rear. 


MRS.  WASP  AT   HOME.  31 

They  seem  to  know  they  must  nearly  all  die,  when 

frost  comes.     When  the  cold  begins,  the  old  wasps 

look  into  the  cells. 
They  kill  all  the  eggs,  grubs,  and  half-grown  wasps  that 

they  .find  there.     Why  do  they  do  that  ? 
Do  they  not  seem  to  love  the  baby  wasps?     Yes. 
They  kill  them  quickly  to  keep  them  from  dying  of 

hunger  and  cold.       Is  not  that  a  queer   way  to 

show  love? 
Some  wise  people  do  not  feel  sure  that  the  wasps  kill 

the  little  ones  in  this  way. 
Do  not  forget    that  the  wasp  does  not    grow  after  it 

gets  its  wings  and  leaves  its  cell.     When  it  comes 

out  it  is  full  grown. 
When  it  is  a  fat,  round,  wingless  grub  it  is  called  a 

larva.     When  it  has  changed  its  shape,  and    has 

wings,  it  is  called  a  pupa. 
Some  call  the  pupa  a  nymph.     Are    those  very  hard 

words  ? 


LESSON   XV. 
MRS.   WASP    AT    HOME. 

THERE   are   many    kinds  of   wasps.      There  are  mud 

wasps,  which  make  mud  houses. 
Lonely    wasps   build   alone   in   the   ground,    and    dig 


32 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 


" 


RQCK-A-BYE    BABY. 


holes  in  the  sand.  They  throw 
the  sand  back  between  their 
hind  legs. 

Did  you  ever  see  your  dog  dig  a  hole  ? 
The  wasp  digs  in  the. same  way 
as  the  dog. 

Sand  wasps  make  tiny  earth  houses 
on  walls  and  fences.  Tree  wasps 
hang  great  paper  houses  upon 
the  branches  or  twigs  of  trees. 

Rust-red  wasps  do  not  build  houses 
for  their  cells.  They  make  fine 
paper  cells,  and  hang  them  with 
the  open  part  down,  in  some 
safe  place. 

They  varnish  the  cells  to  keep  them 
dry.  In  a  cold  land,  the  wasps 
build  in  barns,  attics,  hollow 
trees,  or  in  the  ground. 

In  warm  lands,  they  hang  a  bunch 
of  cells  out  in  the  open  air,  on 
trees  or  vines.  One  day  I  found 
a  wasp's  nest  in  an  old  tin  can. 

There  had  been  paint  in  the  can.  The 
wasp  had  made  a  stem  of  paint. 

She  used  her  feet  to  twist  it  into  a. 


REVIEW.  33 

stiff  rope.     Upon  that,  for  a  stem,  she  built  a  nest 

like  a  white  flower. 
She  put  a  cell  upon  the  stem,  and  six  cells  around  that 

one.     In  each  cell  was  a  wee,  white  egg. 
The  eggs  grew  to  fat  grubs.     They  had  black  heads. 
Then  Mrs.  Wasp  fed  them.     She  went  from  one  cell  to 

the  other,  and  fed  her  grubs,  just  as  a  bird  feeds 

its  young. 
Mrs.  Wasp  also  makes  a  pap  of  bugs  and  fruit,  and 

gives  it  to  her  young. 
Wasps  are  very  neat.      They  keep  their  nests  clean. 

They  use  cells  more  than  once. 
But  they  make  new  nests  each  year.      One   kind  of 

wasp  is  called  the  White  Face. 
Every  wasp  has  a  clean,  shining   coat,  a'nd   a   fierce 

look. 
Wasps  do  not  bite  or  chew  food ;  they  suck  out  the 

juices  of  fruit  and  insects. 


LESSON   XVI. 
REVIEW. 

WHERE,  and  how,   does   Mr.   Crab   make   his   house  ? 

Where  are  Mr.  Crab's  bones  ? 
Where  are  yours  ?      Will  you  tell  me  how  Mr.  Crab 

gets  on  his  new  coat? 


34  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

Tell  me  some  of  the  kinds  of  crabs  that  you  know  of 

What  do  crabs  eat  ? 
Why  does  one  kind  of  crab  steal   a   shell?     Tell   me 

about  a  crab's  eyes. 
How  is  the  crab  made,  which  likes  to  swim  on  the  deep 

sea  ?     What  is  a  sea  tide  ? 
How  many  tides  are  there  each  day?     How  do  little 

crabs  grow  ? 
Where  do  crabs  hide,  when  they  are  afraid  ?      What 

animals  catch  and  eat  crabs  ? 
Of  what  use  are  crabs  ?     Did  I  tell  you  that  some  crabs 

eat  sea-weed  ? 
What  is  a  wasp  ?     How  many  legs  and  wings  has  Mrs. 

Wasp? 
How  is  her  body  made?     Why  do  her  two  wings  on 

each  side  seem  one  ? 
Tell  me  what  kind  of  houses  wasps  build.     What  can 

wasps  make  ? 
How  do  baby  wasps  grow  ?     Tell  me  how  wasps  make 

paper. 
What  else  do  you  know  about  crabs  and  wasps?    What 

can  you  say  about  a  wasp's  sung  ? 
How  does  the  wasp  eat  ? 


THE   BEE   AND   THE   MAN.  35 


LESSON   XVII. 
THE    BEE   AND   THE    MAN. 

DID  you  ever  see  a  hive  of  bees  ?     Are  you  afraid  of 

bees  ?     You  need  not  be  afraid  of  them. 
They  do  not   often   sting   those  who  let  them  alone. 

There  are  some   people  whom   bees  never  sting. 

Do  you  see  how  small  the  bees  are  ? 
Do  they  not  move  very  quickly  ?     Are  not  their  cells 

very  small  ?     Now  I  will  tell  you  a  strange  thing. 
The  man  who  knew  most  about  bees  was  a  blind  man ! 

His  name  was  Huber.     He  lost  his  sight  when  he 

was  a  boy. 

He  loved  to  study.     Most  of  all,  he  loved  to  study  bees. 
From  a  boy,  he  had  a  friend.     She  was  a  kind  girl. 

She,  too,  loved  to  study.     When  she  grew  up,  she 

became  Huber' s  wife. 
Huber  was  not  poor.     He  had  a  nice  home  of  his  own. 

He  had  a  man  to  live  with  him  and' wait  on  him. 
Huber,  and  his  wife,  and  the  man,  would  go  and  sit 

by  the   bee-hive.      They  read   to   Huber  all    the 

books  about  bees  that  had  then  been  made.     Then 

they  would  watch  the  bees,  to  see  if  they  did  the 

things  that  were  told  in  books. 


36  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

When  they  saw  the  bees  do  other  things,  they  told 
Huber.  Then  they  caught  bees,  and  studied  the 
parts  of  their  bodies.  Ask  your  teacher  what 
kind  of  a  glass  they  used  l  to  see  the  bee  with. 

The  wife  and  the  man  told  Huber  all  that  they  saw. 
He  thought  it  all  over.  They  watched  the  bees, 
year  after  year. 

Huber  worked  fifteen  years.  Then  he  made  a  great 
book  on  bees.  He  told  his  wife  what  to  write. 

He  lived  to  be  very  old. 

It  is  both  from  books,  and  by  your  own  eyes  and 
thought,  that  you  may  learn  these  things.  You 
must  watch  if  you  would  know.  Give  time  and 
work  to  this  study. 


LESSON  XVIII. 
HOW   THE    BEE   IS    MADE. 

THERE  are  many  kinds  of  bees.     The  chief  of  them  all 

is  the  hive  bee.     What  does  the  hive  bee  make  for 

you  to  eat? 
In  each  hive  there  are  three  kinds  of  bees.     The  queen 

bee  is  the  first.      She  rules  all,  and   she   is   the 

mother  of  all. 

1  The  inside  of  a  gold  watch-case,  held  at  angle  45°,  is  a  good  magnifier. 
The  teacher  should  explain  a  Httle  about  the  microscope. 


HOW  THE  BEE  IS   MADE. 


37 


The  queen  bee  does  no  work.     She  lays  eggs  in  the  cells. 

The  father  bee  is  called  the  drone.     He  does  no 

work. 
Who,  then,  builds  so  many  fine  cells  ?     Who  lays  up 

so  much  honey  ?     Who  feeds  the  baby  bees  ? 
The   small,  quiet,  brown  work  bees  do  all  that. 
In  each  hive  there  is  one  queen  bee  to  lay  eggs. 
And   there   are    the    drone   bees,  who  hum  and  walk 

about.     And  there  are  more  than  you  can  count, 

of  work  bees,  to  do  all  that  is  done. 


WORK    AND    PLAY. 


How  does  a  bee  grow? 

Like  the  wasp,  the  bee  is  first  an  egg.  Then  it  is  a 
grub,  or  a  worm.  Then,  shut  in  a  cell,  it  gets  legs 
and  wings,  and  turns  into  a  full  grown  bee. 

The  bee  is  formed  of  three  parts,  as  a  wasp  is ;  but 
the  body  is  not  so  slim.  The  parts  are  put  close 
to  each  other.  The  bee  has  six  legs,  and  four 
wings,  and  many  eyes*  set  close  like  one. 

The  bee  has  many  hairs  on  its  legs  and  body.  These 
fine  hairs  are  its  velvet  coat. 


38  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- 

Part  of  the  bee's  mouth  is  a  long  tongue. 

It  can  roll  this  up:  it  uses  it  to  get  honey  from  flowers, 

The  body  of   the  bee  is  made  of   rings.      The  drone 

bee  has  a  thick  body,  a  round  head,  and  no  sting. 
The  queen  bee  has  a  long,  slim  body.     Her  wings  are 

small.     She  can  sting :  s6  can  the  work  bee. 
The  work  bee  is  not  so  large  as  the  other  two,  but  it 

has  large  wings.     The  work  bee  must  fly  far  for 

food  or  wax.     The  queen  bee  stays  at  home. 


LESSON   XIX. 
THE    BEE    AT    HOME. 

LET  us  look  at  a  work  bee.  There  are  two  kinds  of 
work  bees.  Nurse  bees  take  care  of  the  baby 
bees. 

The  wax  bees  build  the  house.  Let  us  look  well  at 
the  wax  bee.  See  its  body. 

Here  are  the  rings,  and  here  are  the  scales  of  wax  on 
each  ring.  The  wax  is  made  in  the  bee  from  the 
honey  or  sweet  food  that  the  bee  eats. 

In  the  bee's  body  are  two  bags. 

[nto  one  bag  it  puts  the  honey  that  it  gets  from  flowers. 
It  takes  this  home  and"  puts  it  into  the  cells.  What 
goes  into  the  other  bag  feeds  the  bee  and  makes  wax. 


THE   BEE   AT  HOME.  39 

Look  at  this  bee's  legs.  On  each  leg  is  a  basket,  a 
brush,  and  a  tool  with  which  to  pinch  and  press 
the  wax  into  the  cells. 

When  the  bee  goes  into  a  flower,  it  gets  covered  with 
dust.  The  brush  on  its  legs  takes  off  this  dust 
from  the  bee's  coat  and  puts  it  into  the  basket. 
That  dust  is  to  feed  the  young  bees. 

With  the   tool   it   strips   the   scale  of   wax  from  the 


SWEETS   TO   THE   SWEET. 


rings  on  its  body.  Then  it  takes  the  wax  in  its 
mouth  and  lays  it  to  build  the  wall  of  the  cells. 
Did  you  ever  see  a  man  lay  brick  on  a  wall? 

The  bee  builds  her  walls  very  much  as  the  man  builds  his. 

When  the  work  bees  make  cells,  they  first  lay  down  a 
thick  sheet  of  wax.  Then  they  build  upon  this 
little  wax  boxes,  each  with  six  sides,  set  close  to 
each  other*  When  the  boxes  are  as  deep  as  they 
wish  them  to  be,  the  bees  fill  them. 

Let  us  see  what  they  do  with  the  cells.     Some  of  the 


40  StA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

cells  are  for  the  dust,  or  food,  called  bee-bread. 

Some  cells  are  for  the  baby  bees  to  lie  in. 
Some  cells  are  for  honey.     The  queen  puts  eggs  in  all 

the  cells  that  are  for  bees.     The  nurse  bees  put  in 

flower  dust  for  the  baby  bees  to  eat. 
The  wax  bees  build  the  cells  and  get  honey.     The  wax 

bees  have  pockets  for  wax.     The  nurse  bees  have 

only  small  pockets. 
The  queen  bee  and  the  drones  have  no  pockets. 


LESSON   XX. 
THE    BEE    BABIES. 

A  BEE  does  not  live  more  than  three  or  four  years,1 
The  work  bees  know  that  some  of  the  grubs  must 
grow  to  be  queens,  others  to  be  drones  and  others 
work  bees.  They  make  for  the  baby  queen  bee  a 
large,  round  cell. 

In  each  hive  there  are  five  or  six  cells  for  these  baby 
queens.  Then  the  nurse  bees  feed  the  grubs. 
They  give  the  baby  queens  all  they  can  eat  of 
very  nice  food. 

The  baby  work  bees  get  only  plain  bee-bread.  The  work 
babies  are  in  small  cells.  The  grub  of  the  new 
queen  bee  grows  large,  and  eats  as  much  as  it  wants. 

1  Some  claim  that  the  life  of  a  work  bee  is  never  longer  than  six  months. 


THE   BEE   BABIES. 


41 


The  grub  of  the  work  bee  gets  little  food,  and  is  then 
shut  in  its  tight  cell,  to  turn  into  a  bee.  After 
a  time  the  grubs  shut  in  the  big  cells  turn  into 
queen  bees.  They  begin  to  sing  a  song. 

The  queen  bee  hears  it.  She  knows  that  more  queen 
bees  will  come  out.  That  makes  her  angry. 

She  runs  at  the  cells,  to  try  to  kill  the  new  queens. 
The  work  bees  all  stand  in  her  way.  They  will 
not  let  her  kill  the  new  queens. 


BATTLE   ROYAL 


But  there  can  be  only  one  queen  in  a  hive  at  one  time 

So  the  old  queen  says,  "  Come !  I  will  go  away f 

I  will  not  live  here  any  more!" 
Many  of  the  old  bees  say,  "  We  will  go  with  our  queen." 

Then  they  fly  out  of  the  hive  in  a  cloud.     They' 

wish  to  find  a  new  home. 
Did   you   ever   see   bees  swarm  ?     They  may  fly  far 

away,  or  they  may  light  near  by. 
They  hang  on  a  vine,  or  branch,  or  stick,  like  a  bunch 


£2  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

of  grapes.     Can  you  put  them  into  a  new  hive  ? 

Yes. 
Drop  them  softly  into  a  new  hive  where  there  is  a 

piece  of   honey-comb.     In  a  few  hours   they   are 

calm.     Then  they  go  to  work. 
The  work  bees  begin  to  make  cells.     They  spread  wax. 

They  build  walls. 
If  a  young  bee  lays  a  bit  of  wax  wrong,  some  old  one 

takes  it  up  and  lays  it  right. 


LESSON    XXI. 
THE    BEE    WAR 

AFTER  the  old  queen  goes  out  in  a  rage,  what  do  the 

rest  of  the  bees  do  ?     They  all  keep  still,  but  they 

look    to   the   cells   where   the   new  queens   sing. 

Then  one  new  queen  breaks  off  the  lid  of  her  cell 

and  comes  out. 
She  lifts  her  head,  spreads  her  wings,  dries  her  legs. 

Her  legs  are  like  gold.     Her  dress  is  velvet  and 

gold. 
She  is  fine !     The  bees  fan  her  and  feed  her.     But  just 

then   a   cell   near  by  opens,  and  out  comes  one 

more  new  queen ! 
This  will   not  do.      Two  queens  do    not  live  in  one 


THE   BEE   WAR. 


43 


hive.  When  the  two  queens  see 
each  other,  they  rush  together 
and  begin  to  fight. 

If  they  stop  the  fight  to  rest,  the  work 
bees  make  them  keep  on.  At 
last  one  of  them  stings  the  other 
near  the  wing,  and  kills  her. 

Then  this  strong  queen  runs  to  the 
other  cells,  where  the  baby  queens 
lie.  She  tears  off  the  wax  lids 
and  stings  each  new  queen  bee. 
Then  it  dies. 

Now  the  strong  queen  is  the  one  true 
queen  of  the  hive.  Her  rage  is 
at  an  end.  The  bees  come  to  her 
and  touch  her. 

They  are  proud  of  their  fine,  new 
queen,  and  love  her.  They  carry 
out  all  the  dead  bees  from  the 
hive,  and  in  great  joy  build  new 
cells.  The  queen  bee  leaves  the 
hive  but  twice. 

A  few  weeks  after  she  is  made  queen, 
the  work  bees  let  her  go  out  once 
into  the  sun  and  air.  But  her 
wings  are  very  small.  She  can- 
not fly  far. 


FIRSV   FLIGHT. 


44  SEA-SIDE    AND   WAY-SIDt 

She  has  no  bag  for  dust.      She  does  not  need  to  get 

honey.     All  she  need  do  is  to  come  home  and  lay 

eggs. 
She  does  not  go  out  again  until  the  next  year.     Then 

she  leads  off  a  swarm  of  old  bees,  and  leaves  the 

hive  to  the  next  new  queen  bee. 


LESSON   XXII. 
THE    BEE'S   WORK. 

You  know  how  the  new  queen  bee  is  made  and  how  she 

lives.     Now  let  us  see  how  the  work  bee  gets  on. 

The  work  bee  in  its  small  cell  does  not  grow  so 

large  as  the  queen  bee. 
But  it  has  larger  wings.      When  it  is  a  true   bee,  it 

pulls  or  breaks  off  the  cap  of  its  cell  and  comes 

out.     It  is  wet  and  cold  and  weak. 
But  near  by  is  a  cell,  open,  and  full  of  honey.     The 

new  bee  takes  a  nice  meal.     Then  it  goes  out  of 

the  hive  into  the  sun. 
The  other  bees  come  to   it,  and   touch   it   with   their 

feelers.     They  lick  it  with  their  tongues,  to  smooth 

its  brown    coat,  and  help  it  to  spread  its  wings. 
Then  off   it  goes  to  get  honey  and   flower  dust.      It 

knows  how  at  once.     It  does  not  need  to  learn. 
It  finds  its  way.     It  knows  the  right  flowers.     It  tries 


THE  WISE   BEES.  45 

to  keep  out  of  the  way  of  things  that  will  hurt 

it. 
What  color  do  the  bees  like  best  ?     They  like  blue  best, 

and  red  and  purple  next  best.     They  like  flowers 

of  a  sweet  smell,  and  all  flowers  that  have  honey. 
They  bring  home  dust  of  flowers,  honey,  and  a  kind 

of  gum.     The  gum  is  to  line  the  cells  and  to  help 

make  them  strong. 
If  a  queen  bee  dies,  and  all  the  baby  queens  are  also 

dead,  what  can  the  bees  do? 
They  take  a  baby  work  bee  and  make  a  queen.     Can 

they  not   live  if   they  have  no  queen?     No,  not 

long,  there  will  be  no  eggs  laid. 
How  do  they  make  a  queen  of  a  work  bee  ?     They  pick 

out  a  good  grub.     They  put  it  into  a  round  queen 

cell. 
They  feed  the  work  grub  the  queen  food,  or   "  royal 

jelly."     When  it  grows  up,  it  is  not  a  work  bee, 

but  is  a  queen. 


LESSON   XXIII. 

THE   WISE    BEES. 

IN  the  bee-hive  all  is  not  peace  and  joy.     Foes  come  in 

and  try  to  kill  the  poor  bees.     Who  are  these  foes  ? 

A   caterpillar  may  come   into   the  hive  to  live.     The 


46  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SlDt. 

bees  do  not  like  him.     He  is  not  clean ;  he  is  in 

their  way. 
Slugs  also  come  in.     Snails   and  moths  also  come  to 

steal  the  honey.     When  the  foe  is  a  small  fly  or 

slug,  the  bees  kill  it  and  take  it  out. 
But  a  large  worm  or  slug  they  cannot  take  out.     What 

do  they  do  then  ?     They  kill  it,  if  they  can,  with 

their  stings. 
Then  they  build  over  it  a  tomb,  or  grave,  of  wax  and 


A   FOE   AT  THE   GATE. 


gum.  That  is  to  keep  the  bad  smell  of  the  bug 
from  the  cells.  If  a  snail  comes  in,  they  take 
this  same  strong  gum  and  glue  him  to  the  floor. 

Then  he  must  die  in  his  shell.  If  a  strange  queen  flies 
in,  they  will  not  sting  her. 

But  she  must  not  stay.  So  the  work  bees  form  a  ball 
about  her,  until  she  dies  for  lack  of  air. 

I  have  told  you  how  wasps  kill  bees.     Birds  eat  bees. 

Some  birds  break  into  the  hive  to  get  honey.  Bears 
like  honey.  They  break  up  wild  bee?'  nests. 


EARTH    BEES.  47 

Hens   and   toads   eat   bees.      Moths    make   the   worst 

trouble  in  bee-hives. 

In   June  or  July,  the  work  bees  kill  all   the  drones. 
They  do  not  wish  to  feed  them  when  it  is  cold. 
Bees  lay  up  honey  to  eat  when  the  flowers  are  dead  and 

gone. 
In  the  winter,  bees  sleep  most  of  the  time.     They  need 

some  food  to  eat  when  they  rouse.     As  soon  as 

spring  comes,  they  come  out  and  go  to  work. 


LESSON   XXIV. 
EARTH    BEES. 

Do  all  bees  build  in  hives?  No.  Wild  bees  like  to 
build  in  hollow  trees. 

In  hot  lands,  some  bees  build  in  holes  in  the  rock. 
Swarms  of  bees  that  leave  hives  find  odd  places 
to  live  in.  I  knew  of  a  swarm  that  found  a  hole 
in  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Tne  bees  got  into  the  roof  and  lived  there  five  years. 
When  a  man  took  them  out,  they  had  two  big 
tubs  full  of  comb.  Is  it  not  odd  that  bees  can 
make  so  much  wax  from  their  small  wax-bags  ? 

Did  you  ever  find  in  the  earth  the  nest  of  a  humble- 
bee  ?  The  humble-bee  queen  works.  Humble- 
bees  dig  holes  in  the  earth  with  their  front  feet. 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 


A   CITY    IN    A    TREE. 


When  they  have  made  a  hall  and  a 
room,  they  make  a  nest.  It  is  of 
grass,  or  leaves,  or  hay,  cut  fine. 
They  lay  eggs  in  the  nest. 

They  make  honey  in  large  combs. 
The  combs  are  more  soft  and 
dark  than  those  which  the  hive 
bee  makes.  Field  mice  and  moles 
eat  these  bees  and  their  combs. 

One  little  bee,  that  lives  alone,  saws 
out  a  nest  in  a  post  or  tree.  She 
makes  one  room  over  the  other. 
In  each  she  puts  an  egg  and  food. 

She  seals  the  door  up  with  a  paste 
made  of  sawdust.  Then  she 
goes  off  and  dies.  The  next 
spring  out  come  the  new  bees. 

They  know  how  to  get  food  and 
make  homes,  just  as  the  mother 
did.  One  kind  of  bee  makes  a 
house  much  like  an  ant-hill. 
She  makes  a  long  hall. 
From  the  hall  she  opens  small  rooms. 
In  each  room  she  puts  food,  in  a 
ball  like  a  pea.  Then  she  lays 
an  egg  by  it,  and  leaves  the 
small  bee  to  grow  up  alone. 


OTHER   BEES,  49 


LESSON   XXV. 
OTHER    BEES. 

ONE  bee  is  called  a  mason  bee.  She  takes  fine  mud  or 
clay,  to  make  a  cell.  The  cell  is  the  shape  of  an 
urn.  Now  and  then,  she  builds  this  urn  in  an 
empty  snail  shell. 

One  kind  of  the  mason  bees  is  of  a  dark  green  color. 
Mason  bees  are  very  small.  Some  mason  bees 
live  in  holes  in  the  ground.  In  the  hole  they 
make  a  clay  cell  like  a  box. 

But  they  are  so  neat  that  they  do  not  like  to  see  a 
mud  wall.  What  does  the  bee  do  to  her  wall  ? 
She  cuts  out  bits  of  nice,  soft  leaves,  and  lines  her 
cell !  Some  bees  take  bits  of  green  leaves,  as  of 
the  plum  tree. 

But  they  like  bright  color  best.  One  kind  of  bee  lines 
her  cell  with  the  petals  of  roses.  When  she  has 
glued  them  all  over  the  cell,  she  then  puts  into 
it  some  food  and  an  egg. 

Do  you  not  think  the  new  bee  will  like  its  gay,  pink 
cell  ?  One  kind  of  bee  likes  red  poppy  leaves 
best.  She  cuts  the  bits  of  leaf  quite  small. 

There  is  a  bee  in  Brazil,  which  makes  a  large  nest,  like 


DU 


StA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDt. 


^  V 


K 


JACK  OF  ALL  TRADES. 

am  sure  I  did  not  like  that. 


a  great  bag.  It  is  full  of  round 
balls.  The  balls  are  full  of 
honey.  The  wax  and  honey  of 
this  bee  are  of  a  dark  color. 
One  kind  of  bee  has  no  sting.  Would 
you  like  that  bee  best  ? 

The  tree  bee  is  also  called  the  wild 
bee.  This  bee  takes  an  old  tree 
with  a  hollow  trunk.  It  cleans 
out  more  and  more  of  the  old, 
dead  wood,  and  builds  nice 
combs. 

A  tall  tree  may  be  full  of  combs, 
from  root  to  top.  In  such  a 
tree,  more  than  one  swarm  will 
live  and  work.  Each  swarm 
has  its  queen,  and  keeps  in  its 
own  place. 

Smoke  makes  bees  fall,  as  if  dead. 
People  drive  bees  off  with  the 
smoke  from  a  fire  of  wood  or 
paper. 

When  I  was  a  little  girl,  our  bees 
sometimes  swarmed  on  the 
fourth  of  July.  I  had  to  stay 
home  and  watch  them,  and  I 


MORE   ABOUT   BEES. 


LESSON    XXVI. 

MORE   ABOUT    BEES. 

WOULD  you  like  to  own  bees  ?  Once  I  knew  a  boy 
who  had  some  bees.  He  kept  them  in  a  room, 
at  the  top  of  his  house.  He  left  the  window 
open,  and  the  bees  came  and  went  as  they  chose. 

A  swarm  of  bees  costs  about  five  dollars.  Each  year  it 
may  gain  for  you  five  dollars,  or  more,  by  honey, 
and  a  new  swarm. 

If  you  live  in  the  city,  you  cannot  so  easily  keep  bees. 
Why  not? 

They  could  not  find  the  right  food. 

They  need  to  fly  in  the  field  'or  in  a  garden,  so  that 
they  can  get  the  honey  and  the  yellow  dust  of 
flowers.  They  need  to  fly  where  they  can  get  the 
thick  gum  from  trees  to  line  their  cells. 

If  you  have  a  hive  of  bees,  you  should  learn  to  watch 
them  well.  Like  Huber,  you  may  find  out  some 
new  things.  We  do  not  yet  know  all  about  bees. 
We  could  learn  more  than  is  now  known  about 
drones. 

If   you  stand   by  a  hive,  the  bees  will  not  hurt  you 


52  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

if  you  keep  still,  and  do  not  get  in  their  way  to 
the  door  as  they  go  in  and  out. 

Bees  lay  up  for  winter  more  honey  than  they  need.  So 
the  bee-keepers  take  out  much  of  it  to  eat  or  to  sell. 

They  must  leave  some  for  the  bees.  If  too  much 
comb  is  taken  out,  the  bees  must  be  fed.  You  can 
give  them  sugar  or  some  sweet  stuff.  Bees  like 
flour  made  of  peas. 

They  cannot  feed  young  bees  if  they  do  not  have  sweet 
dust  or  flour.  They  cannot  make  wax  if  they  have 
no  sweet  food.  They  cannot  line  their  cells,  nor  seal 
them  well,  if  they  have  no  strong  gum  from  trees. 

I  know  some  people  who  think  bees  like  to  hear  a 
song,  and  so  sit  near  the  hives  and  sing  to  them. 
But  bees,  really,  love  color,  and  sweet  smell,  and 
nice  tastes,  and  do  not  care  much  for  any  noise. 


LESSON    XXVII. 

THE   SPIDER   AND    HIS   DRESS. 

FLIES,  wasps,  bees  and  ants  are  insects.  Insects '  have 
six  legs,  and  their  bodies  have  three  parts.  An 
insect  is  at  first  a  tiny  egg.  From  the  egg  comes 
a  grubj  and  the  grub  turns  to  a  full-grown  wasp, 
or  fly,  or  bee. 


THE  SPIDER   AND   HIS   DRESS. 


53 


When  it  first  gets  its  legs  and  wings,  and  comes  out 
of  its  cell  or  case,  it  is  as  large  as  it  ever  will  be. 
Insects  do  not  grow  after  they  get  wings.  .  The 
small  fly  does  not  grow  to  a  big  fly,  nor  the  small 
bee  to  a  big  bee.  The  first  size  they  have  when 
they  come  out  is  the  size  that  they  keep. 

The  spider  is  an  insect  of  another  kind.  It  lays 
eggs,  and  out  of  the  eggs  come  little  spiders. 


A   CHAIN    OF   EVENTS. 


• 

They  grow  to  be  big  ones.     The  spider  changes 

its  size,  it  grows.     It  molts  its  skin. 
The  body  of  the  insect  is  hard,  and  is  made  in  rings. 

It  cannot  pull  its  coat  off  to  get  bigger,  as  a  crab  can. 
The  spider's  body  is  soft.    Its  skin  is  tough ;  it  changes 

its  skin  often  when  it  is  very  young. 
The  spider   has  eight  legs  instead  of   six,  and  most 

spiders  have  eight  eyes.     The  spider's  body  is  in 

two  parts.     The  poison  is  not  in  a  sting  in  the 

tail.     It  is  in  the  base  of  the  two  jaws. 


54  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

The  spiders  are  somewhat  like  crabs ;  somewhat  like 
other  insects,  as  the  daddy-long-legs.  The  real 
daddy-long-legs  is  a  fly  with  long  legs.  A  spider 
that  has  just  such  legs  is  also  called  a  daddy-long- 
legs. 

The  front  part  of  the  spider's  body  is  not  so  large  as 
the  hind  part.  The  front  part  has  all  the  eight 
legs  and  the  head. 

The  spider  has  no  wings,  but  he  has  two  small  front 
legs,  or  hands,  with  five  joints.  He  uses  them 
to  feel  with,  and  to  take  his  food. 

You  will  see  on  the  head  of  the  spider  two  short  fangs. 
They  are  its  jaws.  They  have  the  poison  in  them. 
They  are  used  to  bite. 

The  claws  on  the  eight  feet  of  a  spider  are  very  much 
like  a  lion's  claw.  The  claws  have  a  brush  of 
hairs  on  them. 

The  spider  can  walk  up  a  wall.  The  brush  on  his  feet 
will  not  let  him  drop  off.  He  uses  his  legs  to  jump 
and  to  walk,  and  to  guide  his  thread  when  he  spins. 

Spiders  spin  webs.  The  hind  part  of  the  spider  is 
large  and  round.  It  has  six  small,  round  tubes. 
Each  of  these  tubes  is  made  of  many  very  small 
tubes.  What  are  they  for  ?  They  are  to  spin 
this  web.  What  is  the  web  ? 

In  the  tube  is  a  kind  of  glue.  When  it  is  drawn  out 
into  the  air,  it  gets  hard.  It  is  then  a  fine  silk. 


THE   SPIDER   AT   HOME.  55 

and  as  it  comes  out  it  is  woven  into  a  net  which 
we  call  a  web.  All  spiders  spin  webs. 

Spiders  are  of  all  colors.  "Their  dress  is  like  velvet.  It 
is  black,  brown,  red,  and  gold.  It  is  in  stripes  and 
spots.  The  spider  is  like  a  king  in  his  rich  dress. 

The  eight  eyes  of  the  spider  cannot  move.  They  are 
set  so  that  they  -can  see  every  way  at  once. 

While  the  spider  is  growing,  he  pulls  off  his  dress  as 
Mr.  Crab  does.  The  crab's  bones  are  his  coat. 
The  spider  has  no  bones,  but  his  skin  is  hard  and 
tough,  and  before  the  baby  spiders  are  two  months 
old,  they  shed  their  coats  three  or  four  times. 

We  say  they  molt  when  they  do  this.  They  spin  a 
bit  of  line  to  take  firm  hold  of.  Then  the  skin  on 
the  front  part  of  the  body  first  cracks  open ;  then 
after  this  the  skin  on  the  hind  part  falls  off ; 
and  by  hard  kicks  they  get  their  legs  free. 

The  new  skin  is  fine  and  soft  but  soon  grows  firm  and 
tough. 


LESSON    XXVIII. 

THE    SPIDER    AT    HOME. 

THE  spider,  like  the  wasp,  is  busy  all  the  time.  It 
is  not  cross  like  a  wasp.  The  bite  of  a  spider 
does  not  do  a  man  or  a  child  much  harm.  A 


56 


SLA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 


weave 
Some 


can 


build 


rafts,  and  others  make  mud  houses. 

Their  webs  are  to  live  or  lie  in. 

The  nests  are  for  baby  spiders.  The  snares  are  to  catch 
food.  The  silk  of  the  web  is  very  fine,  but  it  is 
very  strong.  It  will  hold  up  a  big,  fat  spider. 

It  will  hold  fast  a  wasp  or  a  bee.  Do  you  see  the 
spider  on  his  thread  ?  It  is  his  swing.  He  can 
swing  as  the  boy  does  in  his  rope  swing. 


THE  SPIDER  AT   HOME.  57 

Do  you  see  the  spider  lie  at  rest  in  his  web  ?  Do 
you  see  the  child  rest  in  a  web  made  of  string? 

How  does  the  spider  make  his  web? 

First  he  finds  a  good  place.  He  presses  the  end  of 
the  tube  he  spins  with,  and  makes  a  drop  of  glue 
fast  to  a  wall,  or  leaf,  or  stem.  Then  he  drops 
away;  and  as  he  goes,  the  glue  spins  out  in 
many  fine  streams,  which  unite  into  one,  and  turn 
to  silk-like  thread.  If  he  does  not  find  a  good 
place  to  make  his  web  fast,  he  can  climb  back ! 

How  can  he  climb  back  ?  He  runs  up  his  line  as  fast 
as  he  came  down.  If  you  scare  him,  he  drops 
down  on  his  line  like  a  flash.  It  will  not  break. 

If  you  break  it,  he  winds  up  the  end  quickly.  Then 
he  runs  off  to  find  a  new  place  to  which  to  make  it 
fast. 

The  long  lines  in  the  web  are  called  rays.  The  spider 
spins  the  rays  first.  The  rays  are  spread  out  like 
the  spokes  of  a  wheel. 

Webs  are  of  many  shapes.  You  often  see  the  round 
web. 

The  spider  guides  the  lines  with  his  feet  as  he  spins. 
He  pulls  each  one  to  see  if  it  is  firm. 

Then  he  spins  a  thread,  round  and  round,  from  ray  to 
ray,  until  the  web  is  done. 


58  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 


LESSON  XXIX. 
THE    LITTLE    NEST. 

THE  web  of  the  spider  is  made  of  two  kinds  of  silk. 

The  silk  of   the  rays  is  smooth.     The  silk  that 

goes  across  the  rays  has  tiny  drops  of  glue  on  it. 

This  makes  the  line  stick  to  the  rays. 
Mrs.  Spider  begins  her  lines  at  the  outer  edge.     They 

are  laid  nearer  to  each  other  as  she  gets  to  the 

centre  of  the  web.     When  all  is  done,  she  is  in 

the  centre,  and  does  not  need  to  walk  on  her  new 

web.     She  has  a  nest  near  her  web. 
From  the  nest  runs  a  line.     Mrs.  Spider  can  sit  in  the 

door  of  her  nest,  and  hold  the  line  in  her  claw. 

When  a  bug  or  fly  goes  on  the  web,  the  web  shakes. 

She  feels   her   line  move.      She   runs   down   the 

line  and  gets  the  fly  or  bug,  and  takes  it  to  her 

nest  to  eat. 
Before  she  takes   the  prey  to  her   nest,  she  kills  or 

stuns  it.     Then  she  winds  some  fine  web  about 

it.      She    makes    a   neat   bundle   of    it,  and  then 

carries  it  off. 
You  can  make  Mrs.  Spider  run  down  her  line  if  you 

shake  the  web  a  very  little  with  a  bit  of  grass 


THE   LITTLE   NEST. 


59 


or  stick.     She  will  run  out  to 
see  if  she  has  caught  a  bee  or  a 

%• 

The  nest  of  the  spider  is  made  of 
close,  fine  silk.  It  is  like  soft, 
nice  cloth. 

In  shape  it  is  like  a  ball,  or  a  horn, 
or  a  basket.  Each  kind  of 
spider  makes  its  web  in  the 
shape  it  likes  best.  In  the  nest 
the  spider  lays  her  eggs  in  a 
silk  ball.  The  eggs,  at  first, 
are  very  soft.  After  a  time 
they  grow  harder. 

More  than  two  spiders  never  live 
in  a  nest.  Often  a  spider  lives 
all  alone.  Spiders  are  often 
apt  to  bite  off  each  other's  legs. 
A  spider  can  live  and  run  when 
half  its  legs  are  gone.  But  it 
can  get  a  fine  new  leg  as  a  crab 
can. 

When  the  baby  spiders  come  out  of 
the  egg,  they  must  be  fed.  The 
mother  takes  good  care  of  them. 

They  grow  fast.  When  they  are 
grown,  they  go  off  and  make 


-in 


TRAPS   AND   SNARES. 


60  SEA-SIDE    AND  WAY-SIDE. 

their  own  webs.  Sometimes  the  eggs  are  left  in 
the  silk  ball  all  winter.  The  baby  spiders  come 
out  in  the  spring. 

Then  the  old  ones  are  dead.  But  the  young  ones  know 
how  to  hunt  and  to  spin.  The  very  young  spiders 
do  not  have  so  rich  a  dress  as  the  old  ones.  The 
hairs  of  their  coat  are  not  so  thick  at  first. 

The  soft,  silk-like  coat,  with  its  rich  color,  is  the  only 
beauty  a  spider  has.  People  do  not  like  his  long 
legs  and  his  round,  soft,  bag-like  body.  Still, 
some  people  who  watch  spiders  learn  to  like  them 
very  well. 


LESSON    XXX. 
THE   SPIDER    AND    HIS    FOOD. 

SOME  people  say  that  they  hate  spiders.  Why  do  they 
hate  them  ?  "  Oh,"  they  say,  "  they  are  so  very 
greedy !  "  Well,  a  spider  must  eat  a  great  deal,  or 
he  cannot  spin  his  web. 

His  food  makes  the  glue  that  makes  the  web.  Spiders 
work  hard.  So  they  must  eat  much. 

"But  they  bite."  They  will  not  bite  you  if  you  do 
not  hurt  them.  If  they  do,  the  bite  will  do  you 
no  harm.  They  bite  insects  to  kill  them. 


THE   SPIDER   AND   HIS   FOOD. 


Do  you  not  eat  fish,  meat,  and  birds  ? 
Who  kills  this  food  for  you  ? 

"But  the  spider  is  not  pretty."  True, 
his  shape  is  not  pretty,  nor  are 
his  long  hairy  legs  pretty.  Just 
see  his  fine  black  or  gold  coat ! 

If  he  is  not  pretty,  he  is  wise  and 
busy.  Webs  are  very  pretty,  if 
spiders  are  not. 

Spiders  eat  flies  and  all  kinds  of 
small  bugs.  When  a  fly  is  fast 
in  a  web,  he  hums  loud  from 
fear. 

The  spider  will  eat  dead  birds.  One 
kind  of  spider  kills  small  birds 
to  eat. 

There  is  a  spider  that  lives  on  water. 
He  knows  how  to  build  a  raft. 

He  takes  grass  and  bits  of  stick  and 
ties  them  up  with  his  silk.  On 
this  raft  he  sails  out  to  catch 
flies  and  bugs  that  skim  over 
the  water. 

There  is  a  spider  that  lives  in  the 
water.  She  can  dive.  Her  nest 
is  like  a  ball.  It  shines  like 
silver.  Her  web  is  so  thick 


HIS   DIVING-BELL. 


62  SEA-SIDE   AND  WAY-SI Ut. 

that  it  does  not  get  wet.     Her  velvet  coat  keeps 

her  as  dry  as  a  fur  coat.     Her  eggs  are  of   the 

color  of  gold. 
When  spiders  eat,  they  do  not  chew  their  food :   they 

suck  out  the  juice. 

Spiders  are  very  neat.     They  hate  dust  and  soot. 
They  will  not  have  a  dirty  web.     If  you  put  a  bit  of 

dirt  or  leaf  on  the  web,  Mrs.  Spider  will  go  and 

clean  it  off. 
She  shakes  her  web  with  her  foot  until  all  the  lines 

are  clean.      If   the  dirt  will  not  shake  from  the 

web,  the  spider  will  cut  the  piece  out,  and  mend 

the  web  with  new  lines. 


LESSON  XXXI. 

VERY   QUEER    SPIDERS. 

I  HAVE  told  you  of  the  spider  that  dives.  I  also  told 
you  of  the  spider  that  makes  a  raft.  The  one 
that  makes  the  round  web  is  the  garden  spider. 

There  is  a  spider  that  runs  on  water.  How  can  she  do 
that?  Have  you  seen  boys  dash  about  on  ice  with 
skates  on  their  feet?  Did  you  ever  see  a  man 
walk  on  snow-shoes?  This  spider  wears  shoes. 

They   are    shoes    made    for   walking    on    the   water. 


VERY  QUEER  SPIDERS.  63 

What  are  they  like  ?     They  are  like  bags  of  air. 

It  is  as  if  she  had  a  wee  toy-balloon  on  each  of  her 

eight  feet.     She  cannot  sink. 
There  is  one    spider    called  a  trap-door  spider.      She 

lives  in  the  ground.     She  digs  a  tube  down,  and 

makes  her  nest  deep  in  the  earth. 
Then  she  makes  a  door.     It  is  a  nice  door  at  the  top  of 

the  hole.     It  has  a  hinge.     It  will  open  and  shut. 
It  is  like  the  lid  of  a  box.     How  does  she  make  this  ? 

She  spins  a  thick,  round  web.     She  fills  it  with 

earth. 
Then  she  folds  the  web  over,  to  hold  the  dirt  in.     She 

makes  a  hinge  of  web.     This  trap-door  will  open 

and  shut.     It  is  firm  and  strong. 
But  the  odd  thing  is,  that  the  spider  plants  moss  or 

small  ferns  on  this  door !     She  digs  the  moss  up, 

sets  it  on  her  door,  and  it  grows  well.     These 

trap-door  spiders  eat  ants  and  worms.     When  they 

come  out  of  their  holes,  they  leave  the  door  wide 

open  so  that  they  can  go  back. 
Once  a  man  put  a   lady-bird   at  a  spider's  trap-door. 

She  took  it  in  to  eat.     She  found  it  had  too  hard 

a  shell  to  bite.      So  she  took  it  back  and  laid  it 

out  by  her  door. 
Then  the  man  put  a  soft  grub  by  the  door,  and  the 

spider  took  that  to  eat.     She  did  not  bring  that 

back.     She  ate  it. 


t)4  SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY-SIDE. 

Spiders  now  and  then  eat  other  spiders,  but  not  always. 
One  kind  of  spider  makes  a  tent  of  leaves.      She  ties 

the  leaves  down  with  silk.     She  lives  in  the  tent 

and  keeps  her  eggs  there. 
One  garden  spider  makes  a  nest  in  the  shape  of  a  pear. 

One  ties  a  little  ball  to  stems  of  grass. 
The  young  spiders  have  not  their  thick  coats  at  first. 

Small   spiders  will  stay  by  their  mother  and  sit 

on  her  back.     They  act  like  the  small  chicks  with 

the  hen.     Most  spiders  live  only  one  year.     Some 

live  two.     Some  live  over  four. 
There   are   some   mason   spiders.     When  a  man  is  a 

mason,  what  does  he  do  ?     In  what  does  he  work  ? 

There   are   mason   wasps,    and    mason   bees,  and 

mason  worms.      Mason   spiders   make  a  nest  of 

clay. 
They  take  the  clay  in  small  bits  and  build  a  clay  mug. 

It  is  six  inches  long.     They  line  it  with  thick  silk. 

The  door  is  like  a  box  lid.     It  has  a  hinge. 
Some  spiders  are  so  small  you  can  hardly  see  them. 

One  of   the  very  wee  ones  is  clear,  bright  red. 

Some  are  very  big. 
The   big   ones  are  black,  with  spots  and  stripes,  and 

have  thick  coats  like  fur.      If  you  could  find  a 

tower  spider,  or  a  trap-door  spider,  and  sit  down 

to  watch  it  build  or  catch  its  food,  I  think  you 

would  be  happy  for  a  whole  day,  or  for  many  days. 


REVIEW.  (55 

The  tower  spider  builds  over  her  hole  a  neat  tower 
two  or  three  inches  high ;  she  sits  on  her  tower. 
She  has  as  many  as  fifty  baby  spiders  at  once.  They 
sit  on  her  back  for  four  or  five  weeks,  until  they 
molt  two  or  three  times.  They  do  not  fight  with 
each  other.  When  Mrs.  Spider  gets  a  fly  or  bug 
for  the  little  ones  to  eat,  she  crushes  it,  and  the 
baby  spiders  come  and  suck  the  juice,  as  she  holds 
the  food  for  them. 


LESSON    XXXII. 

REVIEW. 

WHAT  is  an  insect  ? 

Name  some  kinds  of  insects. 

Can  you  tell  me  how  an  insect's  body  is  made  ? 

How  many  legs,  wings,  and  eyes  do"  insects  have  ? 

What  three  kinds  of  bees  live  in  each  hive  ? 

Tell  me  what  the  queen  bee  does. 

What  does  a  drone  bee  do,  and  how  does  he  look  ? 

Which  bee  makes  cells  ? 

How  do  bees  get  honey  and  wax  ? 

Tell  me  how  nurse  bees  take  care  of  bee  babies. 

How  can  nurse  bees  make  a  new  queen  bee  ? 

Why  do  the  queen  bees  fight  ? 


66  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

Tell  me  about  the  fight  of  the  queen  bees. 

Why  does  a  swarm  of  bees  leave  the  hive  ? 

What  do  bees  eat  ? 

What  do  they  make  ? 

Tell  me  of  odd  places  where  bees  live. 

What  things  eat  the  bees  and  steal  their  combs  ? 

How  must  you  take  care  of  bees,  if  you  have  them  ? 

What  colors  do  bees  like  best  ? 

Tell  me  about  ground  bees. 

Tell  me  about  mason  bees. 

Do  all  bees  make  combs  with  cells  that  have  six  sides 

Is  a  spider  an  insect  ? 

In  what  is  he  not  like  other  insects  ? 

What  can  a  spider  make  ? 

How  does  the  spider  spin  a  web  ? 

Tell  me  about  the  spider's  eyes. 

How  does  a  spider  tend  its  young  ones  ? 

Tell  me  about  the  water  spiders. 

What  can  you  tell  about  other  queer  spiders  ? 

What  does  a  spider  eat  ? 

What  good  things  can  you  say  for  the  spider  ^ 


OUT   OP    HARM'S   WAY.  67 


LESSON    XXXIII. 
OUT  OF   HARM'S  WAY. 

BY  this  time  I  am  sure  you  think  that  all  the  small 

bugs,  flies,  spiders,  and  crabs  must  soon  be  dead. 
You  have  found  how  cold  kills  them.     You  have  heard 

how  they  kill  each  other.     You  know  that  men 

and  birds  and  beasts  kill  them. 
How  can  any  live?     What  is  there  to  save  the  poor 

things  ? 
The  two  chief  things  that  save  them  are  their  shape 

and  their  color. 
Why,  how  is  that  ? 
Let  us  see  how  this  is  done. 
On  the  sand  by  the  sea  the  crab  that  lives  mostly  out 

in  the  air  is  of  a  gray  color.     It  has  fine  red  spots 

like  sand.     The  shell  of   this   crab  looks  so  like 

sand  that,  if  he  lies  flat  and  still,  you  can  scarcely 

see  him. 
The  crab  that  lives  on  the  sea-side  mud  is  black-green 

like  the  mud.     Birds  cannot  see  him  very  well,  he 

is  so  like  the  mud  that  he  lies  on. 
The  spiders  that  live  in  the  woods  are  of  much  the 
of  a  dead  leaf. 


68  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 

Some  of  them,  as  they  lie  in  their  webs,  fold  up  their 
legs  and  look  like  a  dead  leaf.  One  spider  puts  a 
row  of  dead  leaves  and  moss  all  along  her  web. 
She  lies  on  this  row,  and  looks  like  part  of  it. 
Birds  cannot  see  her,  as  she  lies  in  this  way. 

One  small  bee  that  lives  in  trees  is  green,  like  a  new 
leaf.  The  bees,  in  brown,  black,  and  gold,  look 
like  parts  of  the  flowers  on  which  they  alight. 

Birds  and  beasts  that  live  in  snow  lands,  are  often 
white,  as  the  polar  bear  and  the  eider  duck. 

Snakes  that  live  on  trees,  or  on  the  ground,  are  often 
brown  or  green.  They  look  like  the  limbs  of  trees. 

Little  lizards  in  Walls  are  gray  like  stone.  In  woods, 
they  often  are  the  color  of  a  dead  twig.  These 
things  can  fold  up,  or-  stretch  out,  and  look  like 
twigs,  or  leaves,  or  balls  of  grass  or  hay. 

All  this  will  keep  them  from  being  seen  by  animals 
that  would  kill  them. 

Some  of  them  you  know  have  hard  shells  to  shield 
them.  Did  I  not  once  tell  you  how  fast  they 
move?  They  dart  and  run  and  jump,  quick  as  a 
flash  of  light.  That  helps  them  to  get  out  of  the 
way. 

Did  I  not  tell  you,  also,  how  the  crab  has  his  eyes  set 
on  pegs  ?  He  can  turn  them  every  way  to  see 
what  is  near  him. 

The  insect  and  the  spider  do  not  have  their  eyes  on 


SHELL-FISH.  69 

long  pegs.  Some  kinds  have  six  or  eight  eyes. 
These  eyes  are  set  in  a  bunch,  and  some  face 
one  way,  some  another.  They  can  see  all  ways 
at  once. 

Then,  too,  so  many  small  live  things  grow  each 
year,  that  they  cannot  all  be  put  out  of  the  way. 

Each  crab  will  lay  more  eggs  then  fifty  hens.  One 
spider  has  more  baby  spiders  than  you  can  count. 
One  bee  has  more  new  bees  in  the  hive  each  year 
than  there  are  people  in  a  large  city.  In  a  wasp's 
big  nest  there  are,  no  doubt,  as  many  wasps  as 
there  are  leaves  on  a  great  tree. 

Of  the  creatures  which  it  is  most  easy  to  kill,  very 
many  are  made.  And  so,  while  many  of  them 
perish  each  day,  many  are  left  to  live. 


LESSON   XXXIV. 
SHELL-FISH. 

HAVE  you  not  all  heard  the  song,  "Rock-a-by  Baby 
upon  the  Tree-top"?  What  babies  live  in  tree- 
tops  ?  You  will  say,  "  Bird,  wasp,  bee,  and  spider 
babies  swing  in  the  trees." 

Do  you  not  know  that  there  are  small  cradles  that  rock 
all  day  long  on  the  waves  ? 


70  SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY-SIDE. 

Up  and  down,  in  the  sun,  on  the  water,  rock  the  cradles 

of  many  shell-fish. 
What  are  shell-fish? 

They  are  soft  animals  that  live  in  hard  shells. 
But  you  must  know  that  these  are  not  true  fish.     A 

true   fish  is   an   animal    that   lives  in  the  water, 

and  has  a  back-bone.     The  back-bone  of  a  fish 

is  very  much  like  your  back-bone. 
All  fish  can  swim.     Most  of  them  have  fins  and  scales. 

Very  many  of  them  have  long,  slim,  smooth  bodies, 

that  will  glide  easily  through  the  water. 
All  of  you  can  see  fish,  in  the  ponds,  lakes,  or  brooks 

near  your  home.     You  often  have  them  to  eat  on 

your  table. 
If  you  live  in  the  city,  you  can  go  to  the  place  where 

they  sell  fish  and  look  at  them. 
In  some  other  book  I  may  tell  you  a  little  about  the 

true  fishes. 
In  this  book  I  shall  now  tell  you  a  very  little  about 

what  are  called  "  shell-fish/' 
This  is  not  a  very  good  name  for  them,  but  we  will  use 

it,  because  you  will  hear  it  from  many  people,  and 

will  often  see  it  used  in  books. 
The  right  name  for  these  shell-fish  is  a  hard  word, 

which  means  "  soft  body  "  or  "soft  thing."     That 

suits  them  very  well,  for  they  are  all  soft  bodies, 

they  have  no  bones. 


SHELL-FISH.  71 

There  are  in  the  water  soft-bodied  things  that  have  no 
shells  to  cover  them.  In  the  next  book  we  will 
tell  you  of  some  of  them. 

These  soft  things  that  live  in  shells  are  mostly  of  a 
round  or  a  wedge  shape.  Their  shells  serve  them 
for  houses  to  live  in,  for  ships  to  sail  in,  for  coats 
to  cover  them,  for  bones  to  keep  their  soft  bodies 
in  shape. 

The  shells  of  these  soft  things  are  of  many  forms. 

Some  are  all  in  one  piece,  like  a  twist  or  curl.  Some 
have  two  parts,  like  the  covers  of  a  book.  These 
two  parts  are  held  by  a  hinge.  And  some  shells 
are  made  in  many  pieces  or  scales. 

There  are  three  kinds,  or  orders,  of  shell-fish.  One 
kind  has  a  head  on  its  foot.  Another  has  a 
head  much  like  that  of  the  snail?  Still  another 
kind,  or  order,  has  no  head  at  all ! 

"Well !     That  is  a  queer  thing,  to  have  no  head ! 

Let  us  learn  first  about  the  shell-fish  with  a  head  and 
a  foot. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  shell-fish  of  this  order.  They 
differ  in  size,  color,  shape,  and  way  of  life.  But 
if  we  learn  about  one,  we  shall  have  an  idea  of  all. 

irou  know  that  the  hermit  crab  steals  a  shell  to  live  in. 
It  is  often  a  long  shell,  like  a  curl.  That  is  the 
sort  of  shell  that  shell-fish  with  heads  live  in.  It 
is  a  shell  all  in  one  piece. 


72 


SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY- SIDE. 


These  shells  are  very  hard  and  thick.  Why  is  that  ? 
The  fish  in  them  is  soft.  It  has  no  bones. 

If  these  soft  things  had  no  hard  shells,  they  could  not 
live.  The  waves  would  kill  them.  The  crabs, 
fish,  and  other  animals  in  the  sea,  would  eat  them 
at  once. 

us   see  how  a  shell-fish  is  made.     The  conch,  or 
winkle,  is  the  largest  shell-fish  you  will  be  likely 


Let 


HEADS   AND    NO    HEADS. 


to  find.  His  body  is  soft  but  tough.  It  runs  to  a 
point. 

That  back  part  takes  fast  hold  of  the  post  in  the  shell, 
so  that  Mr.  Conch  will  not  drop  out.  On  one  side 
of  his  body  he  has  a  hook  like  a  thumb.  That  is 
to  pull  him  back  into  his  shell  when  he  wishes  to 
hide. 

The  front  end  of  the  conch  is  wide  and  thick.  Here 
we  find  his  mouth.  Near  his  mouth  he  has  two 
feelers,  such  as  insects  have,  to  touch  things. 


THE  STORY  OF   MR.   CONCH.  73 

Where    the    feelers    join   his   head    he   has   two 

eyes. 
His  foot  is  flat,  and  is  as  big  as  all  the  rest  of  his 

body.     It  is  just  the  size  of  the  open  part  of  his 

shell.     Why  is  that  ? 
The  shoe  on  his  foot  is  hard,  like  horn.     When  he 

draws  back  into  his  shell,  that  shoe  is  his  door. 

It  fits  close.     It  shuts  him  in  safe  in  his  shell. 


LESSON    XXXV. 
THE    STORY    OF    MR.    CONCH. 

THE  conch  or  winkle  does  not  like  to  live  in  sand, 
or  on  hard  rock.  He  likes  deep  water,  where  he 
has  some  sand  and  some  rock.  When  the  wind 
blows,  and  the  sea  is  very  rough,  he  digs  his  stout 
foot  into  the  sand  near  a  stone,  and  holds  fast. 
Then  he  will  not  drift  on  shore. 

If  he  is  cast  on  the  shore,  he  will  die.  Mr.  Conch  can- 
not live  out  of  water. 

Mrs.  Conch  likes  some  soft  sand  for  a  bed  for  her 
babes  in  their  queer  cradles. 

What  does  Mr.  Conch  eat  ? 

He  eats  other  shell-fish.  He  likes  to  eat  oysters.  How 
does  he  get  them  ? 


74 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE, 


He  goes  off  to  the  oyster  beds. 

He  liKes  the  nice  young  oysters.     He  picks  one  up  with 

his  foot.     You  see  he  uses  his  foot  for  a  hand  as 

well  as  for  a  door.     He  can  spread  his  foot  out 

very  wide.     It  is  very,  very  strong. 
When  he  has  the  oyster  in  his  grip,  he  draws  his  foot 

close,  as  you  would  shut  your  hand  tight.     That 


CAST   AWAY   ON    AN    ISLAND, 


breaks  up  the  shell  of  the  oyster.     Then  Mr.  Conch 

sucks  up  the  oyster  at  his  ease. 
The  men  who  own  oyster  beds  do  not  like  him,  for  he 

eats  many  oysters. 
Mr.  Conch  lives  a  great  many  years.     No  one  can  hurt 

him  in  his  hard  house,  and  he  has  all  he  wants 

to  eat. 
His  shell  is  the  shape  of  a  large  pear.     It  has  a  little 

point   at   the  top,  and  a  long  end  like  a  stem. 

The   stem   end   has   a   groove   in   it.      His    shell 

has   a   turn  or   twist  in  it,  three  or  four  times 

round.     It  of  a  sand-color,  or  pale  yellow,  outside. 


SEA-BABIES.  75 

Some  shells  have  dark  stripes.  Inside,  the  shell  is 
very  smooth,  and  shines,  and  is  of  a  fine,  bright 
red,  or  pink,  or  yellow.  It  is  a  very  pretty  shell. 

How  does  the  conch  grow  ?  The  conch  grows  from  an 
egg.  Most  fish  lay  eggs.  The  eggs  of  the  conch 
are  in  a  string.  They  are  left  lying  on  the  sand 
to  grow. 

What  is  the  conch  good  for  ?  In  some  places  people 
like  them  to  eat.  Fish  and  crabs  eat  the  conchs' 
eggs  and  the  young  conchs.  The  shells  are  made 
into  buttons  and  breast-pins. 

The  Indians  used  to  make  money  from  the  pink  part  of 
these  shells.  They  also  used  the  purple  part  of 
the  round  clam  shell  for  money. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 
SEA-BABIES. 

Now  we  must  learn  more  about  that  string  of  eggs  that 
Mrs.  Conch  left  on  the  sand.  First  it  was  like  a 
thread  with  knots  tied  close  together  on  it.  Then 
it  grew  to  be  a  yard  long.  It  grew  very  fast. 

The  knots  grew  into  little  cases,  or  pockets.  They 
were  set  close  to  each  other.  At  the  two  ends  of 
the  string  the  cases  were  small,  but  after  three  or 


76 


SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 


four  small  ones,  the  others  were  of  the  size  and 

shape  of  big  Lima  beans. 
Once  I  was  out  on  the  sand  with  a  boy. 
We  found  a  string  of  this  kind.      It    had    been    cast 

up  by  the  waves.      It  was  of  a  pale  straw-color, 

and  like  a  long  curl. 
The  boy  said,  "  It  is  a  sea-weed." 
I  said,  "  No."     Then  he  said,  "  It  is  some  kind  of  a 


OUT   IN   THE   COLD. 

bean  or  seed.     I  said,  "  It  is  fish  seed."     Let  us 

look  at  it. 
Each  case,  or  pocket,  is  flat,  and  has  a  rim.     The  rim 

has  lines  in  it.      In  the  front  edge  is  a  small, 

round   spot,  where   the  case  is  very  thin.     This 

is  the  door  of  the  case. 
The  sides  of  the  case  are  very  tough.     Let  us  cut  one 

case  open.     It  is  full  of  white  gum,  or  jelly.    * 
I  see  in  it  specks  like  grains  of   sand.     Here  is  one 

more  string,  far  up  on  the  sand.     This  one  is  dry, 

hard,  and   light.     The  little  thin  places  are  real 

holes  now. 


MURE  ABOUT   SEA-BABIES.  77 

The  cases  are  quite  empty.     Here  is  one  more  string. 

This,  too,  is  light  and  dry.     But  the  holes  in  front 

are  not  open. 

Shake  it.     Does  it  rattle  ?     Yes.     Cut  a  case  open. 
Why !     Each  case  is  full  of  wee  shells  !     Each  shell  is 

as  small  as  a  grain  of  rice !     See  how  thin  and 

white  these  shells  are. 


LESSON    XXXVII. 
MORE   ABOUT   SEA-BABIES. 

Now  in  these  strings  you  have  the  whole  story.  First, 
the  tiny  string  Mrs.  Conch  left  on  the  sand  grew 
to  be  a  big  string  with  large  cases  like  these.  The 
small  specks  in  it  were  to  become  shells,  and  the 
jelly  was  to  be  the  food  of  the  baby  conchs  while 
in  the  case.  There  are  very  many  in  each  case. 

They  grew  and  grew.  They  ate  up  all  the  jelly. 
They  were  true  shell-fish,  only  very  small.  Then 
it  was  time  for  them  to  go  out. 

They  saw  the  thin  skin  over  the  small,  round  hole. 
They  felt  sure  that  this  was  their  door.  They  ate 
off  the  thin  skin,  and  went  into  the  sea. 

The  conch  lays  its  egg-strings  from  March  to  May. 

It  lays  a  great  many.  In  the  egg-case  the  *ba,by  shells 
rock  up  and  down,  not  on  a  tree,  but  on  the  sea. 


78  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

This  dry  string,  still  full  of  shells,  is  one  in  whicV-  the 
shells  are  all  dead.  It  was  cast  on  shore  when 
the  little  fish  were  too  young  to  come  out.  That 
made  them  all  die. 

These  little  things  have  a  hard  time  to  grow  up.  But  if 
they  can  live  until  they  are  of  a  good  size,  they 
will  have  a  thick  shell.  Then  they  will  be  out  of 
harm's  way,  and  will  live  a  long  time. 

But  how  do  these  shell-fish  grow?  Do  they  pull  off 
their  shells  when  they  are  too  tight,  as  crabs  do  ? 

No.  All  these  shell-fish  wear  a  cloak,  or  veil.  It  is  by 
their  cloak  they  grow.  Why,  how  is  that  ?  This 
cloak,  or  veil,  is  fine  and  thin.  It  is  part  of  the 
body  of  the  fish,  and  folds  all  over  it. 

This  fine  cloak  takes  lime  out  of  sea-water,  and  with 
it  builds  more  shell.  As  the  animal  needs  more 
room,  it  spreads  out  this  veil  over  the  edge  of 
the  shell,  and  builds  with  it  new  shell.  You  can 
see  the  little  rims  where  the  cloak  built  each  new 
piece.  The  color  and  the  waved  lines  on  the  shell 
are  made  by  this  veil. 

So  the  shell-fish  need  not  change  his  house.  He  just 
on  more  room  as  he  wants  it. 


ABOUT   MR.    DRILL 


79 


LESSON    XXXVIII. 
ABOUT    MR.    DRILL 

HERE  is  a  small  shell-fish.  He  looks  like  Mr.  Conch, 
but  is  not  so  large.  He  is  quite  small.  His 
real  size  in  the  sea  is  not  much  larger  than  he  is 
in  this  picture.  His  name  is  Mr.  Drill. 

His  color  is  dark  brown.     His  shell  has  ridges  on  it. 


THE    LITTLE   ROBBER. 


The  body  of  the  drill  is  dark  green.     It  has  a  long 

tail  to  twist  round  in  its  shell. 
The  drill  does  not  live  alone  in  a  place  by  himself.     A 

whole  host  of  them  live  near  one  another. 
The  very  strangest  thing  about  the  drill  is  his  tongue. 

It  is  from  his  tongue  that  he  gets  his  name. 
Did  you  ever  see  a  man  use  a  file  ?     With  it  he  can 

cut  a  hole  in  a  piece  of  iron  or  stone.     The  tongue 

of  the  drill  is  like  a  file.     How  is  this  tongue  made  ? 


80  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY- SIDE. 

It  is  a  little  soft  band  that  will  move  in  any  way,  or 
roll  up,  or  push  out.  In  this  fine  band  are  set 
three  rows  of  teeth.  There  are  many  teeth  in 
each  row.  The  teeth  are  fine  and  as  hard  as  the 
point  of  a  pin.  We  could  not  see  them  if  we 
did  not  use  the  glass  that  you  were  told  of. 

With  this  fine  tongue  the  drill  can  cut  or  saw  a  hole  in 
a  thick  shell. 

The  drill  is  very  greedy.  He  eats  many  kinds  of  shell- 
fish. He  likes  best  of  all  to  eat  the  oyster. 

How  does  he  go  to  work  ?  He  cannot  break  the  shell 
of  the  oyster  as  the  conch  can.  No.  The  way 
he  does  is  this. 

With  his  tough  foot  he  gets  fast  hold  of  the  oyster- 
shell.  He  picks  out  the  thin,  smooth  spot  called 
the  eye  of  the  shell.  Then  he  goes  to  work  to 
file  his  hole.  It  will  take  him  a  long  time. 

Some  say  it  will  take  him  two  days.  But  he  is  not 
lazy.  He  keeps  fast  hold  and  saws  away.  At 
last  the  hole  is  made  clear  through  the  shell. 

It  is  small,  smooth,  even ;  no  man  could  make  a  neater 
hole.  Then  he  puts  into  the  hole  a  long  tube 
which  is  on  the  end  of  his  cloak  or  veil.  He  can 
suck  with  that,  and  he  sucks  up  the  oyster  till  the 
poor  thing  is  all  gone. 


THE  STORY   OF  A  WAR.  81 


LESSON    XXXIX. 
THE    STORY    OF   A   WAR. 

WHEN  the  drill  gets  on  the  back  of  an  oyster,  what 
can  the  oyster  do?  Nothing.  The  poor  oyster 
cannot  help  himself.  Does  he  hear  hour  after  hour 
the  file  of  the  drill  on  his  shell  ?  Yes. 

He  knows  the  drill  will  get  in  and  kill  him,  but  all 
that  he  can  do  is  to  keep  still  and  wait. 

The  oyster  is  not  the  only  kind  of  shell-fish  that  the 
drill  eats.  When  the  drill  goes  alter  the  poor 
shell-fish  that  have  no  heads,  he  eats  them  at  his 
ease. 

They  cannot  help  themselves.  They  do  not  know 
how  to  get  away  from  Mr.  Drill.  The  shell-fish 
that  have  no  heads  live  in  slulls  made  of  two 
parts,  like  the  covers  of  a  book.  The  two  parts 
are  held  to  each  other  by  a  hinge. 

It  is  a  bad  thing,  it  seems,  to  have  no  head.  Without 
a  head  who  can  take  care  of  himself  ? 

But  let  us  see  Mr.  Drill  try  a  fight  with  a  shell-fish 
that  has  a  head.  Now  he  meets  his  match ! 

He  goes  to  the  top  o.?  the  shell.     He  makes  fast,  and 


82 


SEA-SIDE   AND   WAY-SIDE. 


begins  —  file,  file,  file.  The  fish  inside  hears  him. 
"  0,  are  you  there,  Mr.  Drill?" 

What  do  you  think  the  shell-fish  does  ?  He  draws 
his  body  out  of  the  way,  and  builds  up  a  nice 
little  wall !  So,  when  Mr.  Drill  gets  his  hole 
made,  and  puts  in  his  tongue  —  no  fish,  only  a 
hard  wall!  Then  Mr.  Drill  also  moves  along. 

He  picks  out  a  good  place.  Once  more  he  goes  to 
work  —  file,  file,  file.  "  0,  here  you  are,  Mr. 


SEA-SIDE   COTTAGES. 

Drill ! "  And  the  shell-fish  with  a  head  once  more 
pulls  his  body  put  of  the  way,  and  makes  a  new 
wall. 

Then  Mr.  Drill  has  the  same  luck  as  before.  Some- 
times he  gets  tired  of  the  war  and  goes  off.  Now 
and  then,  as  he  too  has  a  head,  he  finds  a  spot 
where  there  is  no  room  for  the  wall.  There  he 
makes  his  hole  and  sucks  out  the  animal. 

You  will  find  very  many  of  the  shells  on  the  sea-beach 


THE  STORY  OF  A  WAR.  83 

with  these  pin-holes  in  them.  The  holes  were 
made  by  Mr.  Drill  on  his  hunt  for  food. 

But  you  will  now  and  then  find  shells,  as  the  thick 
clam  shell,  full  of  holes,  like  a  network.  This 
is  not  done  by  Mr.  Drill. 

Shells  and  bones  are  made  of  two  kinds  of  stuff.  One 
is  lime,  which  is  hard  like  stone.  The  other  is  not 
so  hard ;  it  is  more  like  dry  glue. 

These  shells  with  so  many  holes  are  old  shells,  long 
dead,  and  the  glue  part  has  gone  out  of  them. 

How  did  it  get  out  ?  It  was  bored  out  by  a  kind  of 
sponge.  Only  the  lime  part  is  left,  like  a  fine  net. 

When  bones  or  shells  have  only  the  lime  part  left, 
they  will  break  and  crack  like  glass.  If  they 
have  too  little  lime,  they  will  bend* 

For  all  Mr.  Drill  has  a  head,  he  is  not  so  wise  as  at 
first  he  seemed  to  be. 

He  will  sit  down  and  make  a  hole  in  an  old  dead  shell 
where  no  fish  lives.  Now  and  then  he  makes 
a  hole  in  an  old  shell,  long  ago  turned  into 
stone.  He  will  spend  two  days  on  such  a  shell 
as  this  ! 

Did  you  know  that  bones  and  shells  and  plants  some- 
times turn  to  stone  ? 

You  will  some  day  learn  about  that  strange  fact. 


84  SEA-SIDE  AND  WAY-SIDE. 


LESSON    XL. 
HOW   SHELL-FISH    FEED. 

Do  the  shell-fish  all  feed  on  other  shell-fish  ?     Oh,  no. 

Some  of  them  live  on  sea-weed.     Some  of  them 

live  by  fishing.    They  catch,  from  the  water,  small 

bits  of  food,  as  small  as  grains  of  sand. 
The  shell-fish  that  live  on  sea-weed  have  a  long,  slim 

tongue.      It  is  somewhat  like  that  of  the   drill. 

The  tongue  is  like  a  tiny  strap. 
The  teeth  are  set  on  it,  three  or  more  in  a  row,  like 

the  points  of  pins.     As  the  teeth  wear  out  from 

work  on  the  tough  weed,  more  grow. 
These   shell-fish   walk    along   on    their   one    big   foot. 

First  one  side  of  the  foot  spreads  out,  and  then 

the  other. 
That  pulls  them  along.     Is  it  not  very  slow   work  ? 

But  what  of  that  ?     All  they  have  to  do   is  to 

move  about  and  find  food. 
They  can  take  all  day  for  it.     They  have  no  house  to 

build  and  no  clothes  to  make. 
They  creep  along  to  a  good  bed  of  sea-weed.     Then 

they  put  out  the  fine,  file-like  tongue. 


HOW  SHELL-FISH  FEED. 


85 


They 


It  cuts  off  flakes  of  sea-weed  for  them  to  eat. 

are  never  tired  of  that  one  kind  of  food. 
Even  that  queer  limpet,  who  sits  on  a  rock  and  has  a 

shell  like  a  cap,  has  a  head,  and  a  foot,  and  a 

tongue  that  is  like  a  rasp.      And  he  can  walk 

along  the  floor  of  the  sea. 
He  can  climb  up  the  rocks.     The  limpet  has  his  own 

rock  and  his  own  hole  in  the  rock.     He  goes  back 


AT    LOW   TIDE. 

to  his  rock  when  he  has  had  all  that  he  wants  to 
eat. 

The  world  of  the  sea  is  as  full  of  life  as  the  world  of 
the  land.  There  is  one  nice  little  shell-fish,  about 
as  big  as  a  pea.  He  lives  in  the  sea-weed  that 
grows  on  rocks.  He  is  brown,  or  green,  or  black, 
or  red,  or  dark  yellow. 

He  can  live  in  the  damp  weed  in  the  hours  when  the 
tide  is  out,  and  has  left  the  rocks  dry.  He  eats 
sea-weed.  Let  us  look  at  him.  He  has  two  little 
feelers. 


86  SEA-SIDE    AND   WAY- SIDE. 

He  lias  two  wee,  black  eyes.  He  has  a  little  snout,  like 
a  tiny  pig.  At  the  end  of  this  snout  is  his  little 
mouth.  His  small,  dark  foot  has  a  dent  in  it. 

He  puts  out  his  wee,  file-like  tongue,  and  laps  it  out 
and  in,  as  a  dog  does  when  he  drinks  water.  The 
sharp  teeth  cut  off  little  scales  of  weed  for  him  to 
eat.  Take  ten  or  more'of  these  little  shells  in  your 
hand.  Each  tiny  animal  draws  in  his  wee  foot. 

As  the  little  animals  hide  in  this  way,  put  down  your 
ear,  and  you  will  hear  a  faint  squeak.  It  is  made 
by  the  air  in  the  shells. 


LESSON    XLI. 

REVIEW. 

WHAT  is  a  shell-fish  ? 

What  three  great  orders  of  shell-fish  are  there  ? 
Did  you  say  there  are  many  kinds  ? 
Name  some  of  the  kinds. 
What  kind  of  shell  do  the  fish  with  a  head  and  a  fool 

live  in? 

Tell  me  how  these  shell-fish  grow. 
Tell  me  about  the  conch  cradles. 
Where  do  these  fish  like  to  live  ? 
Why  do  they  need  to  wear  these  hard  shells  ? 
Do  they  change  their  shells  ? 


REVIEW. 


87 


How,  then,  do  they  grow  ? 

Why  are  not  more  blown  ashore  ? 

Tell  me  what  they  eat. 

How  do  they  kill  and  eat  other  shell-fish  ? 

Do  all  fish  lay  eggs  ? 

How  da  shell-fish  eat  sea-weed  ? 

What  are  shell-fish  good  for  ? 

What  shell-fish  is  most  eaten  ? 

What  did  the  Indians  make  out  of  the  shells  ? 

Tell  me  about  the  veil,  or  cloak,  of  the  shell-fish, 

Tell  me  more  about  the  foot. 

Tell  me  how  Mr.  Drill  makes  war. 

Of  what  are  shells  and  bones  made  ? 

How  is  Mr.  Drill's  tongue  made  ? 


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Hyde's  Derivation  of  Words.     15  cts. 

Mathews's  Outline  of  English  Grammar,  with  Selections  for  Practice. 

The  application  of  principles  is  made  through  composition  of  original  sentences.     80  cts. 
Buckbee'S  Primary  Word  BOOk.      Embraces  thorough  drills  in  articulation  and  in 
the  primary  difficulties  of  spelling  and  sound.    30  cts. 

Sever's  Progressive  Speller.  For  use  in  advanced  primary,  intermediate,  and  gram- 
mar grades.  Gives  spelling,  pronunciation,  definition,  and  use  of  words.  30  cts. 

Badlam's  Suggestive  Lessons  in  Language.    Being  Part  I  and  Appendix  or 

Suggestive  Lessons  in  Language  and  Reading.     50  cts. 

Smith's  Studies  in  Nature,  and  Language  Lessons.    A  combination  of  object 

lessons  with  language  work.     50  cts.     Part  I  bound  separately,  25  cts. 

Meikle John's  English  Language.  Treats  salient  features  with  a  master's  skill  and 
with  the  utmost  clearness  and  simplicity.  $1.30. 

Meiklejohn's  English  Grammar.  Also  composition,  versification,  paraphrasing,  etc. 
For  high  schools  and  colleges,  go  cts. 

Meiklejohn's  History  of  the  English  Language.  7s  pages.  Part  in  of  Eng- 
lish Language  above,  35  cts. 

Williams's  Composition  and  Rhetoric  by  Practice.    For  high  school  and  coi- 

lega.     Combines  the  smallest  amount  of  theory  with  an  abundance  of  practice.    Revised 
edition.     $1.00. 

Strang's  Exercises  in  English.  Examples  in  Syntax,  Accidence,  and  Style  for 
criticism  and  correction.  50  cts. 

HuffCUtt'S  English  in  the  Preparatory  School.  Presents  as  practically  as  pos- 
sible some  of  the  advanced  methods  of  teaching  English  grammar  and  composition  in  tLs 
secondary  schools.  25  cts. 

WOOdward'S  Study  Of  English.  Discusses  English  teaching  from  primary  school  to 
high  collegiate  work.  25  cts. 

Genung's  Study  Of  Rhetoric.  Shows  the  most  practical  discipline  of  students  for  the 
making  of  literature.  25  cts. 

GOOdchild'S  BOOk  Of    StOpS.     Punctuation  in  Verse.     Illustrated.     10  cts. 
See  also  our  list  of  books  for  the  study  of  English  Literature. 


D.    C.    HEATH    &    CO.,    PUBLISHERS. 

BOSTON.        NEW  YORK.        CHICAGO. 


HISTORY. 


Sheldon's  United  States  History.  For  grammar  schools.  Follows  the  "  seminary  " 
or  laboratory  plan.  "  By  it  the  child  is  not  robbed  of  the  right  to  do  his  own  think- 
ing." Half  leather.  $1.25. 

Teacher's  Manual  to  Sheldon's  United  States  History.   A  key  to  the  above 

system.     60  cts. 

Sheldon's  General  History.  For  high  school  and  college.  The  only  general  history 
following  the  "seminary"  or  laboratory  plan  now  advocated  by  leading  teachers. 
Half  leather.  $1.75. 

Sheldon's  Greek  and  Roman  History.  Contains  the  first  250  pages  of  the  above 
book.  $1.00. 

Teacher's  Manual  tO  Sheldon's  History.  Puts  into  the  instructor's  hand  the  key 
to  the  above  system.  85  cts. 

Sheldon's  Aids  to  the  Teaching  of  General  History.    Gives  also  list  of  most 

essential  books  for  a  reference  library.     10  cts. 

Thomas's   History  Of  the  United  States.     For  schools,  academies,  and  the  general 
reader.     A  narrative  history  with  copious  re 
illustrated.     532  pages.     Half  leather.    $1.25. 


reader.     A  narrative  history  with  copious  references  to  sources  and  authorities.     Fully 
~ilf " 


Shumway's  A  Day  in  Ancient  Rome.  With  59  illustrations.  Should  find  a  place 
as  a  supplementary  reader  in  every  high-school  class  studying  Cicero,  Horace,  Taci- 
tus, etc.  75  cts. 

Old  South  Leaflets.     Reproductions  of  important   political  and  historical  papers,  ac- 
comj 
hunc 


companied  by  useful  notes.     Each,  5  cts.  and  6  cts.      For  titles  see  separate  lists.     Per 
idred,  $3. 


Allen's  History  Topics.     Covers  Ancient,  Modern,  and  American  history,  and  gives  an 
excellent  list  of  books  of  reference.     121  pages.     Paper.    30  cts. 

Fisher's  Select  Bibliography  of  Ecclesiastical  History.    An  annotated  list  of 

the  most  essential  books  for  a  theological  student's  library.     15  cts. 

Hall's  Method   Of  Teaching  History.      "Its  excellence  and  helpfulness  ought  to 
secure  it  many  readers." — The  Nation.     £1.50. 

Phillips'  History  and  Literature  in  Grammar  Grades.    A  paper  read  before  the 

Department  of  Superintendence,  at  Brooklyn,  N.Y.     Paper.     15  cts. 


See  also  our  list  of  Old  South  Leaflets. 


D.   C.  HEATH    &   CO.,  PUBLISHERS, 

BOSTON.        NEW  YORK.        CHICAGO. 


GEOGRAPHY  AND  MAPS. 


Heath's  Practical  SchOOl  Maps.  Each  30  x  40  inches.  Printed  from  new  plates 
and  showing  latest  political  changes.  The  common  school  set  consists  of  Hemispheres, 
No.  America,  So.  America,  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  United  States.  Eyeletted  for  hanging 
on  wall,  singly,  $1.25  ;  per  set  of  seven,  $7.00.  Mounted  on  cloth  and  rollers.  Singly, 
$2.00.  Mounted  on  cloth  per  set  of  seven,  $12 .00.  Sunday  School  set.  Canaan  and 
Palestine.  Singly,  $1.25  ;  per  set  of  two,  $2.00.  Mounted,  $2.00  each. 

Heath's  Outline  Map  Of  the  United  States.  Invaluable  for  marking  territorial 
growth  and  for  the  graphic  representation  of  all  geographical  and  historical  matter.  Small 
(desk)  size,  2  cents  each;  $1.50  per  hundred.  Intermediate  size,  30  cents  each.  Large 
size,  50  cts. 

Historical  Outline  Map  Of  Europe.  12  x  18  inches,  on  bond  paper,  in  black  outline. 
3  cents  each;  per  hundred,  $2.25. 

Jackson's  Astronomical  Geography.  Simple  enough  for  grammar  schools.  Used 
for  a  brief  course  in  high  school.  40  cts. 

Map  Of  Ancient  History.  Outline  for  recording  historical  growth  and  statistics  (14  x 
17  in.),  3  cents  each  ;  per  100,  $2.25. 

Nichols'  Topics  in  Geography.  A  guide  for  pupils'  use  from  the  primary  through 
the  eighth  grade.  65  cts. 

Picturesque  Geography.  12  lithograph  plates,  15  x  20  inches,  and  pamphlet  describing 
their  use.  Per  set,  $3.00;  mounted,  £5.00. 

Progressive  Outline  Maps:  United  States,  *World  on  Mercator's  Projection  (is  x 
20  in.)  ;  North  America,  South  America,  Europe,  *Central  and  Western  Europe,  Africa, 
Asia,  Australia,  *British  Isles,  *England,  *Greece,  *Italy,  New  England,  Middle  Atlan- 
tic States,  Southern  States,  Southern  States — western  section,  Central  Eastern  States, 
Central  Western  States,  Pacific  States,  New  York,  Ohio,  The  Great  Lakes,  Washington 
(State),  *Palestine  (each  10  x  12  in.).  For  the  graphic  representation  by  the  pupil  of 
geography,  geology,  history,  meteorology,  economics,  and  statistics  of  all  kinds.  2  cents 
each;  per  hundred,  $1.50. 
Those  marked  with  Star  (*)  are  also  printed  in  black  outline  for  use  in  teaching  history. 

Redway's  Manual  Of  Geography.  I.  Hints  to  Teachers;  II.  Modern  Facts  and 
Ancient  Fancies.  65  cts. 

Redway's  Reproduction  of  Geographical  Forms.    I.  Sand  and  Clay-Modelling; 

II.  Map  Drawing  and  Projection.     Paper.     30  cts. 

Roney's  Student's  Outline  Map  of  England.    For  use  in  English  History  and 

Literature,  to  be  filled  in  by  pupils.     5  cts. 

Trotter's  Lessons  in  the  New  Geography.    Treats  geography  from  the  humat 

point  of  view.     Adapted  for  use  as  a  text-book  or  as  a  reader.  #1.00. 


D.   C.   HEATH    &    CO.,    PUBLISHERS, 

BOSTON.        NEW  YORK.        CHICAGO. 


DRA  WING  AND  MANUAL  TRAINING. 


Johnson's  Progressive  Lessons  in  Needlework.     Explains  needlework  from  its 

rudiments  and  gives  with  illustrations  full  directions  for  work   during  six  grades.     117 
pages.     Square  8vo.     Cloth,  $1.00.     Boards,  60  cts. 

Seidel's  Industrial  Instruction  (Smith).  A  refutation  of  all  objections  raised  against 
industrial  instruction.  170  pages,  go  cts. 

Thompson's  Educational  and  Industrial  Drawing. 

Primary  Free-Hand  Series  (Nos.  1-4).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  Ji.oo. 
Primary  Free-Hand  Manual.     114  pages.     Paper.     40  cts. 
Advanced  Free-Haud  Series  (Nos.  5-8).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.50. 
Model  and  Object  Series  (Nos.  1-3).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.75. 
Model  and  Object  Manual.     84  pages.     Paper.     35  cts. 
^Esthetic  Series  (Nos.  1-6).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $1.50. 
Esthetic  Manual.     174  pages.     Paper.     60  cts. 
Mechanical  Series  (Nos.  1-6).     Each  No.,  per  doz.,  $2.00. 
Mechanical  Manual.     172  pages.     Paper.     75  cts. 
Models  to  accompany  Thompson's  Drawing  : 

Set  No.  I.     For  Primary  Books,  per  set,  40  cts. 

Set  No.  II.     For  Model  and  Object  Book  No.  i,  per  set,  oo  cts. 

Set  No.  III.     For  Model  and  Object  Book  No.  2,  per  set,  sects. 

Thompson's  Manual  Training,  NO.  I.  Treats  of  Clay  Modelling,  Stick  and 
Tablet  Laying,  Paper  Folding  and  Cutting,  Color,  and  Construction  of  Geometrical 
Solids.  Illustrated.  66  pages.  Large  8vo.  Paper.  30  cts. 

Thompson's  Manual  Training,  NO.  2.  Treats  of  Mechanical  Drawing,  Clay- 
Modelling  in  Relief,  Color,  Wood  Carving,  Paper  Cutting  and  Pasting.  Illustrated. 
70  pp.  Large  8vo.  Paper.  30  cts. 

Waldo's  Descriptive  Geometry.  A  large  number  of  problems  systematically  ar- 
ranged, with  suggestions.  85  pages.  90  cts. 

Whitaker's  HOW  tO  Use  Wood  Working  Tools.  Lessons  in  the  uses  of  the 
universal  tools:  the  hammer,  knife,  plane,  rule,  chalk-line,  square,  gauge,  chisel,  saw, 
and  auger.  104  pages.  60  cts. 

Woodward's  Manual  Training  School.  Its  aims,  methods,  and  results;  with 
detailed  courses  of  instruction  in  shop-work.  Fully  illustrated.  374  pages.  Octavo.  $2.00. 

Woodward's  Educational  Value  of  Manual  Training.    Sets  forth  more  clearly 

and  fully  than  has  ever  been  done  before  the  true  character  and  functions  of  manual  train- 
ing in  education.     96  pages.     Paper.     25  cts. 

Sent  postpaid  by  mail  on  receipt  of  price. 


D.    C.    HEATH    &    CO.,    PUBLISHERS, 

BOSTON.        NEW  YORK.        CHICAGO. 


NEW  AND  HELPFUL  BOOKS  FOR  TEACHERS, 


Topics    in     Geography. 

By  W.  F.  NICHOLS,  Principal  of  Hamilton  School,  Holyoke,  Mass. 

Prepared  especially  for  the  use  of  the  teachers  and  pupils ;  they  contain  a  comprehensive 
outline  of  all  geographical  facts  usually  taught  in  our  best  primary  and  grammar  school 
together  with  many  excellent  suggestions  for  increasing  the  interest  of  pupils  by  object  lessons 
and  language  work  in  geography.  It  will  be  found  a  practical  and  useful  guide,  containing  a 
yast  deal  of  information  concisely  stated.  A  list  of  books  for  reference,  including  many 
interesting  and  reliable  tales  of  travel  is  added. 

Price  to  Teachers,  65  cents.  When  introduced  into  classes,  the  price  paid  for  sample 
copy  will  be  credited  on  bill  sent  with  introduction  order, 

A    Manual    of    Geography.       Modern   Facts  and 
Ancient  Fancies  in   Geography. 

A  book  for  Teachers.     By  JACQUES  W.  RED  WAY. 

Renders  the  latest  discoveries  of  modern  science,  in  reference  to  Geography,  available  for 
the  use  of  teachers.  A  chapter  on  Out-of-door  lessons  shows  what  may  be  observed  in  the 
pupil's  own  neighborhood  about  earth-sculpture,  and  how  the  operation  of  the  laws  of  erosion 
may  be  studied  in  the  rills  that  form  during  a  rain-storm.  A  chapter  on  clay  and  sand-model- 
ling and  another  on  map-drawing  are  full  of  interesting  information  elsewhere  difficult  to 
obtain.  Not  only  supplements  the  ordinary  manual  in  matters  of  geographical  science,  but  is 
full  of  useful  hints  to  teachers,  and  of  bright,  interesting  information  for  the  general  reader, 

Cloth,  175  pages.     Price,  65  cents. 

The  Earth  in  Space. 

A  Manual  of  Astronomical  Geography.  By  EDWARD  P.  JACKSON,  Instructor  in 
Science  at  the  Boston  Latin  School.  77  pages.  Cloth.  Introduction  price,  30  cents. 

Lately  adopted  for  use  in  the  Grammar  Schools  in  Boston. 

TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  I.  How  we  know  that  the  Earth  is  Spherical;  II.  How  we 
know  that  the  Earth  is  flattened  at  the  Poles;  III.  Latitude  and  Longitude;  IV.  Zones; 
V.  How  we  know  Dimensions  and  Distances;  VI.  Gradual  Changes  in  Light  and  Heat 
during  the  Day  and  Year;  VII.  How  we  know  that  the  Earth  rotates, —  Apparent  Daily 
Motion  of  the  Heavens;  VIII.  How  we  know  that  the  Earth  revolves;  IX.  The  Inclina- 
tion of  the  Axis, —  The  Sun's  Declinations, —  The  Change  of  Seasons, —  The  Variation  iu  the 
Length  of  Day  and  Night,  Appendix. 

Rick's  Natural  History  Object  Lessons. 

Supplies  information  on  plants  and  their  products,  on  animals  and  their  uses,  and  givQ. 
specimen  lessons.  Fully  illustrated,  #1.50. 

Luddingtoris   Illustrated  Number   Cards, 

3x5  inches,  in  colors,  to  teach  by 
with  a  card  of  directions  and  suggest! 

Wilsons  The  State. 

Elements  of  Historical  and  Practical  Politics.  A  text-book  for  advanced  classes  in  high 
schools  and  colleges  on  the  organization  and  functions  of  government,  $2.00 

Wilsons  U.  S.   Government. 

For  grammar  and  high  schools,  $.50 


3x5  inches,  in  colors,  to  teach  by  pictures  combinations  from  one  to  ten.     Nine  sets,  each 
with  a  card  of  directions  and  suggestive  problems.     In  neat  box,  $.65 


P,  C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  Publishers,  Boston,  New  York  and  Chicago. 


WHITING'S 
Public    School    Music    Course 


Book 

I 

112 

Pages 

25  cents 

Book 

II 

112 

Pages 

25  cents 

Book 

III 

V       .        112 

Pages 

25  cents 

Book 

IV 

.        .        112 

Pages 

25  cents 

Book 

V 

.        .        112 

Pages 

25  cents 

Book 

VI 

256 

Pages 

56  cents 

Book 

VI 

For  Girls    256 

Pages 

56  cents 

These  six  books  form  a  complete  course  for  each  class  from  prim- 
ary to  highest  grammar  grades. 

Part-Song  and  Chorus  Book.  For  high  and  other  schools. 
Vocal  exercises  ;  solfeggios  ;  three-  and  four-part  songs  (for 
mixed  and  female  voices)  ;  sacred  choruses,  etc.  256  pages. 
Boards  ..........  .  .96 

Young  Folks'  Song=Book.    A  text-book  for  ungraded  schools. 

208  pages.     Boards .35 

Complete  flusic  Reader.     A  complete  course  for  high  schools, 

academies,  etc.     224  pages.     Boards         .         .         .  .75 

Music  Charts. 

First  Series,  30  charts,  bound   .         .         .         .         .         .  6.00 

Second  Series,  1*4  charts,  bound        .         .         .         .         .  3.00 

Thomas'  flodulator,  mounted  on  rollers  .         .  .     .  75 

Supplementary  Music  for  Public  Schools.     Eight  pp.  num- 
bers, .03  ;  Twelve  pp.  numbers,  .04  ;  Sixteen  pp.  numbers  .     .05 
Send  for  complete  list.     New  numbers  are  constantly  being 
added.  

Whittlesey  and  Jamieson's  Harmony  in  Praise.  A  collec- 
tion of  Hymns  for  college  and  school  chapel  exercises  and 
tor  tamilies.  114  pages •  •  -75 


D.  C.   HEATH  &  CO.,   Publishers 

BOSTON       NEW  YORK      CHICAGO 


THE  NATURAL  SYSTErt  OF 

Vertical  Writing 

By  4.  F.  NEWLANDS  and  R.  K.  ROW.  Six  Boohs.     Per  doz.,  75  c*«. 


Some  of  the  special  merits  of  our  system  are  :  — 
Practicability.     It  is  the  outgrowth  of  nearly  five  years'  experi- 
ence in  vertical  writing  with  thousands  of  pupils  of  all  school  ages. 
The  authors  of  other  series  have  not  had  this  experience. 

Strength.  The  books  are  in  marked  contrast  to  most  of  the 
systems  recently  published,  which  are  efforts  to  adapt  the  sloping 
hand  to  the  upright  position. 

Harmony.  This  system  has  been  carefully  worked  out  with  a 
central  idea  as  to  form  and  movement. 

Ease.  Our  round  vertical  script  can  be  easily  written.  En- 
gravers often  produce  graceful  forms  and  combinations,  but  such  as 
one  cannot  reproduce  easily  with  the  pen.  Every  form  and  combina- 
tion in  our  system  has  been  thoroughly  tested  to  avoid  such  difficulties. 

Rapidity.  Many  of  the  letter-forms  at  first  considered  because 
they  were  artistic  and  graceful,  after  having  been  put  to  the  test  were 
discarded  because  they  did  not  permit  rapid  execution. 

Educative.  The  copies  in  the  primary  numbers  are  large  and 
are  illustrated  with  tasty  outline  drawings,  stimulating  interest  in  the 
writing  and  correlating  reading,  number,  nature  study,  and  spelling 
with  the  special  writing  lesson.  So  far  as  practicable  the  correlation 
of  studies  has  been  carried  throughout  the  series.  The  size  of  the 
letter  forms  is  gradually  reduced  in  the  first  four  numbers. 

Economy.  Such  facilities  have  been  secured  for  their  manufac- 
ture, that  books  of  the  very  best  quality  will  be  furnished  at  the  very 
lowest  prices. 

Descriptive  circular  and  sample  copies  sent  on  request. 


D.  C.  HEATH  &  CO.,  Publishers 

BOSTON      NEW  YORK     CHICAGO      LONDON 


36045 


961671 


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